Galice /ɡəˈliːs/, or Galice-Applegate or Upper Rogue River, is an extinct Athabaskan language once spoken by the two Upper Rogue River Athabaskan tribes, the Galice tribe (Taltushtuntede / Tal-tvsh-dan-ni - "Galice Creek people") and Applegate tribe (Nabiltse, Dakubetede) of southwestern Oregon.[1] It was spoken on the "Galice Creek and Applegate River, tributaries of the Rogue River in southwestern Oregon. There were at least two distinct dialects the Galice Creek and Applegate, but only the Galice Creek dialect is well documented."[2]
| Galice | |
|---|---|
| Upper Rogue River Galice-Applegate | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Oregon |
| Extinct | 1963, with the death of Hoxie Simmons[1] |
Dené–Yeniseian?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gce |
| Glottolog | gali1261 |
It is one of the languages of the Oregon Athabaskan (Tolowa–Galice) cluster of the Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages.
Phonology
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palato-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | labial | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Plosives | voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
| aspirated | tʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |||||
| ejective | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | ʍ | h | |||
| voiced | z | l | j | w | |||||
The vowel sounds are /i/ [ɪ, i], /e/ [ɛ], /a/, and /o/. These vowels can appear in clusters and can also be elongated.[3]
Galice also has several rules regarding the placements of consonants. For example, affricates can never end a stem, and neither can /z/, /m/, or /j/. On the other hand, some consonant clusters are found only at the end of a stem, for example /mʔ/, /ʔʃ/ and /ʔɬ/.[3]
Morphology
editMorphemes in Galice can be placed in one of four categories: stems, prefixes, postpositions and enclitics. Prefixes can be either derivational or grammatical, where the derivational helps make up a word base and is nearly always in the shape of CV. Grammatical prefixes are less common but have more flexibility in their shape [3]
Galice has three major word classes: nouns, verbs, and articles. Nouns can only be inflected for the possessive, in which case a prefix is added. Verbs may be inflected for person and number for neuter verbs and additionally for aspect in active and passive verbs. Nouns can come in four different types: a simple noun, which is a single stem morpheme; complex nouns, which has an apparent sequence; nominalized verbs; and compounds, which contain two (and sometimes three) noun bases in any of the other three categories.[3]
Verbs in Galice are made up of a stem preceded by one or more grammatical prefixes and zero or more derivational prefixes. There are 10 positions in a verb form and each can only be filled by specific types of prefixes and may not be filled at all.
| Position Number | Prefix |
|---|---|
| Position 1 | Pronoun (may remain empty and cannot occur without Position 2) |
| Position 2 | Postposition (may remain empty and cannot occur without Position 1) |
| Position 3 | Derivational Prefix (may remain empty) |
| Position 4 | Third person plural |
| Position 5 | Pronominal (in the case of intransitive verb), Object pronoun (with intransivitves) |
| Position 6 | Derivational Prefix (may remain empty) |
| Position 7 | Aspectival prefixes (when empty, verb is in the zero-imperfective) |
| Position 8 | Subject pronoun (other than that in Position 5; when empty verb form is in third person) |
| Position 9 | Classifiers (verbs without this prefix are in zero-class) |
| Position 10 | Stem allomorph |
Number and person
editNumber
editNumber is not ordinarily marked in the noun. Those that are tend to be kinship terms and are marked with the enclitics –yoo or –kee.[3]
Person
editGalice has 1st, 2nd, 3rd person. 1st and 2nd person singular and plural are marked in position 8. 3rd person remains unmarked in the singular, but in the plural form, it is marked in position 4 by haa- or ¬hii-. 1st person singular is marked by š- in all occurrences. 1st person plural can be marked with id- or i- depending in the class of the verb. Nasalization occurs in position eight when denoting 2nd person singular, while2nd person plural can be marked with oʔo-, ʔa-,ʔe-, or ʔo- depending on the preceding prefix.[3]
Classificatory verbs
editGalice has a relatively tame number of classificatory prefixes for its verb stems. It comes in with a modest 7 classes. In Galice, the class prefix comes just before the verb stem, in position nine.[4]
| Class Number | Meaning |
|---|---|
| I | A single round object |
| II | A long slender object |
| III | A living being (humans or animals) |
| IV | A container with contents |
| V | A fabric like object |
| VI | Several objects, a mass, several people or a rope-like object |
| VII | A package-like object |
References
edit- ^ a b Galice at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Victor Golla (2007) Atlas of the World's Languages, p. 14
- ^ a b c d e f g Hoijer, Harry (October 1966). "Galice Athapaskan: A Grammatical Sketch". International Journal of American Linguistics. 32 (4): 320–327. doi:10.1086/464921. ISSN 0020-7071.
- ^ Summer Institute of Linguistics, and Harry Hoijer. Studies in the Athapaskan Languages. 29 Vol. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963. Print. University of California Publications in Linguistics .
