Mato is a minor Austronesian language of northern Papua New Guinea[2] just inside Morobe Province. Mato is also referred to by the names Nenaya, Nengaya, and Nineia.[2] Mato language has two minor variations, Tabares and Remuk, and the two variations are each spoken in three separate villages. While Mato is surrounded by several other languages, this has no effect on the grammar changes within Mato boundaries. The linguistic situation is very stable, due in part to the geographical isolation of the Mato people.[3]
| Mato | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Morobe |
Native speakers | 580 (2002)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | met |
| Glottolog | mato1252 |
Linguistics
editTabares and Remuk show a cognate similarity of 96% and among cognates there is a regular phonetic variation that occurs in the velar fricative; otherwise, the cognate words are usually pronounced the same. The grammar between the dialects does not vary; when it does differ, the residents of the Mato area said the words could be pronounced either way and that it depended on the preference of the speaker. The only minor difference that separate the variations is the constant phoneme /x/.[3]
(1) /xɑlux/ → [xɑ.»luʔ] 'door' (Tabares speaker)
/xɑlux/ → [ʔɑ.»luʔ] 'door' (Ramuk speaker)
(2) /buxu/ → [»bu.ɣu] 'pig' (Tabares speaker)
/buxu/ → [»bu.ʔu] 'pig' (Ramuk speaker)
(3) /bɑxi/ → [»bɑ.ɣ˞i] 'medicine' (Tabares speaker)
/bɑxi/ → [»bɑ.ʔi] 'medicine' (Ramuk speaker)
Speakers of the Ramuk dialect pronounce /x/ as [ʔ] in all environments. In the Tabares dialect, the velar fricative /x/ is released as [x] initially and [ɣ] (voiced) intervocalically, except when followed by the high front vowel /i/, where it is also retroflexed [ɣ˞].[3]
The front mid-vowel /e/ is usually pronounced [ɛ] in word-final heavy syllables, but pronounced [e] elsewhere.
The back mid-vowel /o/ is pronounced [ɔ] in closed syllables in just a few words but pronounced [o] elsewhere.
The diphthong /ɑi/ is usually pronounced [e] in rapid speech, and the diphthong /ɑu/ is usually pronounced [o] in rapid speech.[4]
Consonant phonemes
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | d t | k g | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Fricative | s | x | h | |
| Trill | r | |||
| Approximant | w | j | ||
| Lateral | l |
Phonemic inventory
edit⟨a b d e g h i k l m n ng o p r s t u w x y⟩
⟨A B D E G H I K L M N Ng O P R S T U W X Y⟩[4]
Sentence typology is subject–verb–object (SVO).[2]
References
edit- ^ Mato at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Lewis, Paul; Simons, Gary; Fennig, Charles. "Mato". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
- ^ a b c Stober, Scot (September 2005). "Mato Dialect Survey" (Survey). SIL. Papua New Guinea. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
- ^ a b Stober, Scott (2005). "Mato Organised Phonology Data". SIL. Retrieved 17 October 2016.