The Mnong language (also known as Pnong or Bunong) (Bunong: ឞូន៝ង) belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family. It is spoken by the different groups of Mnong in Vietnam and a Pnong group in Cambodia.
| Mnong | |
|---|---|
| Bunong, ឞូន៝ង | |
| Native to | Vietnam and Cambodia |
| Region | throughout Tây Nguyên region, especially in Đắk Lắk, Lâm Đồng, Đắk Nông and Bình Phước provinces; Mondulkiri in Cambodia |
Native speakers | 130,000 (2002–2008)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Khmer Latin (Vietnamese alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:cmo – Central Mnongmng – Eastern Mnongmnn – Southern Mnongrka – Kraol |
| Glottolog | mnon1259 |
| ELP | Central Mnong |
| Kraol[2] | |
 | |
Distribution
editIn Vietnam, Mnong is spoken in the districts of Đăk Song, Đăk Mil, Đăk R'Lấp, Krông Nô, Gia Nghĩa, and other nearby locations in Đắk Nông Province (Nguyễn & Trương 2009).
Varieties
editAccording to Ethnologue, four major dialects exist: Central, Eastern and Southern Mnong (all spoken in Vietnam), and Kraol (spoken in Cambodia). Within a dialect group, members do not understand other dialects. The Mnong language was studied first by the linguist Richard Phillips in the early 1970s.[3][4]
Lê, et al. (2014:234-235)[5] lists the following subgroups of Mnong and their respective locations.
- Mnông Gar: in northwestern Lâm Đồng Province and southern Lak Lake.
- Mnông Nong: in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District
- Mnông Kuênh: in Krông Pắk District
- Mnông Pré: mainly in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District, and a few at Lak Lake.
- Mnông Prâng: scattered in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District, and a few in southern Lak Lake and in Bản Đon, Ea Súp District.
- Mnông Rlăm: in Lắk District. Many have close relationships with the Ê-đê people.
- Mnông Bu-đâng: in Bản Đon, Ea Súp District
- Mnông Chỉl: in Lắk District. Many have close relationships with the Ê-đê people. Some also live in Lạc Dương District and Đức Trọng District of Lâm Đồng Province.
- Mnông Bu Nor: in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District
- Mnông Dih Bri: very small population in Đắk Nông District; Êa Krông.
- Mnông Đíp: Đắk Min District and the northern part of former Sông Bé Province.
- Mnông Biat: small population in former Sông Bé Province. Majority living around the Vietnam-Cambodia border.
- Mnông Bu Đêh: in former Sông Bé Province and Đắk Lắk Province
- Mnông Si Tô: a group of Mạ (Mạ Tô) people in Đắk Nông District who have become assimilated into the Mnông population ("Mnông-ized" Mạ people)
- Mnông K’ah: a group of Ê-đê people scattered across Đắk Nông District, Lắk District, and M'Đrăk District who have become assimilated into the Mnông population ("Mnông-ized" Ê-đê people)
- Mnông Phê Đâm: small population living only in Quảng Tín commune, Đắk Nông District.
Other minor Mnong ethnic groups include the Mnông Rơ Đe, Mnông R’Ông, and Mnông K’Ziêng.
Nguyễn & Trương (2009) cover the following M'Nông dialects.
- M'Nông Preh
- Kuênh
- Mạ
- M'Nông Nâr (Bu Nâr)
- M'Nông Noong (Bu Noong)
- M'Nông R'Lâm
- M'Nông Prâng
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | ||
| prenasal | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᶮc | ᵑk | ||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | (ʄ) | (ɠ) | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Fricative | ç | h | ||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | plain | w | l | j | ||
| preglottal | ʔw | ʔj | ||||
- Implosives /ʄ, ɠ/ may vary across dialects.[6]
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | ɨ ɨː | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | ə əː | o oː |
| Open | ɛ ɛː | a aː | ɔ ɔː |
Numerals
editThe following comparative numerals from various Mnong dialects are from Nguyễn & Trương (2009).
| Gloss | Preh | Bu Noong | Bu Nâr | Prâng | R'Lăm | Mạ | Kuênh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | du, ngoay, hŏ | muay | waay | dul | ju, ƀơn, muei | dul | đu |
| 2 | bar | bar | ra'r | baar | bar | bar | par |
| 3 | pê | pê | per | păi | pei | pê | |
| 4 | puăn | puăn | waam | puô | puan, puôn | puôn | |
| 5 | prăm | prăm | t'rơ̆m, năm | prăm, năm | prăm, pram | jorăm, sơ năm | snăm |
| 6 | prau | pro | |||||
| 7 | poh | poh | pops | pŏh | poh | poh | pêh |
| 8 | pham | pham | |||||
| 9 | dŭm, sĭn | sĭn | chĭnh | sin | sư̆n, sĭn | sin | |
| 10 | jât | jât | dư | joơt | măt | jơt |
References
edit- ^ Central Mnong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Eastern Mnong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southern Mnong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Kraol at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Kraol.
- ^ Harry Leonard Shorto; Jeremy Hugh Chauncy; Shane Davidson (1991). Austroasiatic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 0-7286-0183-4.
- ^ "Language Family Trees". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
- ^ Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
- ^ Butler, Becky (2015). Bunong. In Paul Sidwell and Mathias Jenny (eds.), The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages: Leiden: Brill. pp. 719–745.
Further reading
edit- Blood, Henry Florentine. A Reconstruction of Proto-Mnong. Waxhaw, N.C.: Wycliffe-JAARS Print Shop, 1968.
- Nguyễn Kiên Trường & Trương Anh. 2009. Từ Điển Việt - M'Nông. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Từ Điển Bách Khoa.