Chácobo-Pakawara is a Panoan language spoken by about 550 of 860 ethnic tribal Chácobo people of the Beni Department northwest of Magdalena, Bolivia, and (as of 2004) 17 of 50 Pakawara. Chácobo children are learning the language as a first language, but Pakawara is moribund.[2] Karipuna may have been a variant; alternative names are Jaunavô (Jau-Navo) and Éloe.[3]
| Chácobo | |
|---|---|
| Chokobo-Pakawara | |
| Native to | Bolivia |
| Region | Beni Department |
| Ethnicity | 1,100 Chacobo (2006), possibly 50 Pacahuara (2007)[1] |
Native speakers | 600 (2000–2007)[1] |
Panoan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Bolivia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:cao – Chácobopcp – Pakawarakuq – Karipuna (confuses Jau-Navo with Kawahib) |
| Glottolog | chac1251 Chácobopaca1246 Pacahuarakari1312 Karipunashin1267 Shinabo |
| ELP | Chácobo |
Several dormant and unattested languages were reported to have been related, perhaps dialects. These include Capuibo and Sinabo/Shinabo of the Mamoré River. However, nothing is actually known of these purported languages.[4]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||
| Fricative | β | s | ʂ | ʃ | h | |
| Tap | ɽ | |||||
| Approximant | w | j |
- Sounds /t͡ʃ, ʃ/ may also be heard as palatalized [t͡ʃʲ, ʃʲ] when before vowels in free variation.
- /k/ may be heard as a voiced fricative [ɣ] when in between the positions of /ɨ/.
- /t͡ʃ/ assimilates to a retroflex [t͡ʂ] when /ʂ/ is in the following syllable.
- /n/ can be heard as [ɲ] as a realization of the sequence /ni/.
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | o |
| Mid | |||
| Low | a |
- /o/ may be heard as [u] when occurring within the environment of high vowels.[5]
Examples
editNumerals
edit| nicatsu | 1 |
| dafuira | 2 |
| unamarana | 3 |
| atchayuna | 4 |
| chayuna | 5 |
Pronouns
edit| hiasro | I |
| miani | you |
| zonihua | he/she/it/they |
| noquirzo | we |
| zunimato | you (pl.) |
Vocabulary
edit| chii | fire |
| huisruhuaina | rain |
| jini | water |
| mai | earth |
| oriquiti | food |
| osse | moon |
| rsepo | chicha |
| rsiqui | maize |
| vari | sun |
| vistima | star |
References
edit- ^ a b Chácobo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Pakawara at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Karipuna (confuses Jau-Navo with Kawahib) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ "BBC News".
- ^ Distinguish Karipuna language (Rondônia), a Tupian language, across the border in Brazil
- ^ David Fleck, 2013, Panoan Languages and Linguistics, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History #99
- ^ Tallman, Adam J. R. (2018). A Grammar of Chácobo, a southern Pano language of the northern Bolivian Amazon. University of Texas at Austin.
- '^ Montaño Aragon, M. Guía etnográfica lingüística de Bolivia' La Paz: Editorial Don Bosco, 1987
- Tallman, Adam J. (2018). A grammar of Chácobo, a southern Pano language of the northern Bolivian Amazon (Ph.D. thesis). The University of Texas at Austin. doi:10.26153/tsw/1343. hdl:2152/74212.
External links
edit- Lenguas de Bolivia Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine (online edition)
- New Testament in Chácobo
- Chácobo (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- Pacahuara (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
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