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Pataxó (Patashó), or Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe (Pataxó-Hãhaãi), is an extinct Maxakalían language of Brazil[1] formerly spoken by the Pataxó people of the Bahia region, and of Minas Gerais, Pôsto Paraguassu in Itabuna municipality. The 2,950 individuals in the Pataxó tribe now speak Portuguese instead, though they retain a few Pataxó words, as well as some words from neighbouring peoples.
| Pataxó | |
|---|---|
| Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Ethnicity | Pataxó people |
| Extinct | 2009 |
Macro-Jê
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pth |
| Glottolog | pata1261 |
History of documentation
editIn 1961, a Pataxó speaker named Tšitši'a was recorded by Wilbur Pickering in Posto Caramurú (located 3 kilometers from Itaju, Bahia). Tšitši'a was married to a Baenã woman, but she could not speak the Baenã language. Pataxó people were also reported to be living in Itagüira, Itabuna, Bahia.[2]
Distribution
editPataxó as documented by Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied during the early 1800s[3] is distinct from Pataxó-Hãhãhãe. It was historically spoken from the Mucuri River to Porto Seguro in southern Bahia from at least the 17th century.[4]
From at least the 19th century, the Pataxó-Hãhãhãe had historically occupied a region stretching from the Pardo River to the de Contas River in southern Bahia.[4]
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɔ | |
| Open | a | |||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ĩ | ɨ̃ | ũ | |
| Mid | ẽ | ə̃ | õ | |
| Open-mid | ɛ̃ | ʌ̃ | ɔ̃ | |
| Open | ã | |||
/ɨ, ɨ̃/ can also be heard as [ɪ, ɪ̃].[5][6]
Consonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p b | t | tʃ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | ʃ ʒ | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Approximant | w |
References
edit- ^ Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
- ^ Wied, Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prinz von. 1989. Viagem ao Brasil nos anos de 1815 a 1817. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
- ^ a b Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
- ^ Nelson, Jessica F. (2017). Dicionário Pataxó Hãhãhãe.
- ^ Nelson, Jessica F. (2018). Pataxó Hãhãhãe: Race, Indigeneity and Language Revitalization in the Brazilian Northeast. University of Arizona.