Quileute /ˈkwɪlɪjuːt/,[2] sometimes alternatively anglicized as Quillayute /kwɪˈleɪjuːt/, is an extinct language, and was the last Chimakuan language, spoken natively until the end of the 20th century by Quileute and Makah elders on the western coast of the Olympic peninsula south of Cape Flattery at La Push and the lower Hoh River in Washington state, United States. The name Quileute comes from kʷoʔlí·yot’ [kʷoʔléːjotʼ], the name of a village at La Push.
| Quileute | |
|---|---|
| Kʷòʔlíyotʼ | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Olympic Peninsula, Washington |
| Ethnicity | 500 Quileute (2007)[1] |
| Extinct | 1999[1] |
| Revival | spoken as a second language |
Chimakuan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qui |
| Glottolog | quil1240 |
| ELP | Quileute |
Quileute is famous for its lack of nasal sounds, such as [m], [n], or nasal vowels, an areal feature of Puget Sound.[3] Quileute is polysynthetic and words can be quite long.
Use and revitalization efforts
editThere were ten elderly speakers in 1977, and "a few" in 1999.[4] The Quileute Nation is attempting to prevent the loss of the language by teaching it in the Quileute Tribal School, using books written for the students by the tribal elders.
[In 2007], the Tribal Council set up a two-year Quileute Revitalization Project with the goal of encouraging the use of Quileute words and phrases in everyday village life. A basic vocabulary of greetings, questions, numbers, names of things, and ‘one-liners’ in Quileute were made available to tribal members and staff through informal classes, email and computer CDs.[5]
Phonology
editQuileute has three phonemic short vowels /ä, e, o/ (written ‹a, i, o›) and four long vowels /äː, æː, eː, oː/ (written ‹a·, a̱·, i·, o·›). The vowels exhibit quite a bit of allophonic variation. /ä/ accepts allophones ranging between a low of [ä] to a mid [ə], /e/ between [ɛ] and [ɪ] (rarely as high as [i]), and /o/ between [o] and [ʊ] (rarely [u]). The long vowels are somewhat more stable: /äː, æː, eː, oː/ realized mostly as [äː, æː, eː, oː].[6][7]
Stress is usually penultimate, but not necessarily so. It was originally described[8] by Manuel Andrade as having had a phonemic pitch accent whereby each long vowel can host one of four pitch contours. However, later research by Jay Powell[9] has shown that Andrade had overdistinguished and that Quileute has a simpler accentual system whereby primary stress (accompanied by a higher pitch as in English) usually falls on the penultimate syllable and some words also harbor secondary stress on a different syllable.
Quileute is notable as having no nasal consonants, a feature shared with a few unrelated languages in its immediate vicinity, namely, Makah, Nitinaht, Lushootseed and Twana. It has the following consonants (/t͡ɬ/ and /ɡ/ are rare):
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | kʷ ⟨kʷ⟩ | q ⟨ḳ⟩ | qʷ ⟨ḳʷ⟩ | |||
| ejective | pʼ ⟨p̓⟩ | tʼ ⟨t̓⟩ | kʼ ⟨k̓⟩ | kʷʼ ⟨k̓ʷ⟩ | qʼ ⟨ḳ̓⟩ | qʷʼ ⟨ḳ̓ʷ⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʔ⟩ | |||
| voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||||||
| Affricate | plain | t͡s ⟨ts⟩ | t͡ɬ ⟨tƚ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | ||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ ⟨t̓s⟩ | t͡ɬʼ ⟨t̓ƚ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨c̓h⟩ | |||||||
| Fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ɬ ⟨ƚ⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | x ⟨x⟩ | xʷ ⟨xʷ⟩ | χ ⟨x̣⟩ | χʷ ⟨x̣ʷ⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Approximant | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | |||||||
The plain voiceless stops and affricates are slightly aspirated. After an accented long vowel in the first syllable, they are preceded by anticipatory pre-aspiration. So, e.g., ‹dí·ḳa› ‘smoke’ is realized as [ˈdéˑʰqʰə], and ‹t̓ƚó·pa› ‘blue, green’ is realized as [ˈt͡ɬʼóˑʰpʰə]. Analogously, an ejective following an accented long vowel anticipates pre-glottalization, as in ‹ʔá·c̓hit› ‘rich, chief’ is realized as [ˈʔä́ˑˀt͡ʃʼɪt(ʰ)] or even [ˈʔä́ˑʔᵊt͡ʃʼɪt(ʰ)]. In the same position, continuants (including /b/ and /d/ which descend from Proto-Chimakuan *m and *n) are lengthened themselves. E.g., ‹bí·baʔa·› ‘blind’ is realized as [ˈbɪ́ˑbːäʔäː] and ‹ʔí·ƚiƚ› ‘key’ as [ˈʔɪ́ˑɬːɪɬ].[6]
Morphology
editQuileute features a prefix system that changes depending on the physical characteristics of the person being spoken of, the speaker, or rarely the person being addressed.[10] When speaking of a cross-eyed person, /t͡ɬ-/ is prefixed to each word. When speaking of a hunchback, the prefix /t͡sʼ-/ is used. Additional prefixes are also used for short men (/s-/), "funny people" (/t͡ʃk-/), and people that have difficulty walking (/t͡ʃχ-/).[11][10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Quileute at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9.
- ^ Mithun, The Languages of Native North America
- ^ "Quileute Nation - Language". Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ a b Powell, Jay V.; Woodruff, Sr., Fred (1976). Quileute Dictionary. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes, Memoir Number Three.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Powell, Jay V. (1990). "Northwest Coast". Handbook of North American Indians. 7 (Northwest Coast, Wayne Suttles (ed.)): 431–437.
- ^ Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. p. 377. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9.
- ^ Powell, James V. (1974). Proto-Chimakuan: Materials for a Reconstruction. Working Papers in Linguistics, Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaiʻi. pp. 29–31.
- ^ a b c Frachtenberg, Leo J. (December 1920). "Abnormal Types of Speech in Quileute". International Journal of American Linguistics. 1 (4): 296–297. doi:10.1086/463728. JSTOR 1263204. S2CID 144727512.
Most affixes and forms representing an abnormal type of speech are used either by the speaker himself or by another person speaking of the individual whom such a speech-form intends to single out. In few cases only is the abnormal form used in direct address, the reason for this being too apparent to require any comment. [pp. 296–297]
- ^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America, p. 275. Cambridge University Press. (Citing Frachtenberg 1920 (her 1920b),[10] but misattributing to "Frachtenberg 1917": Mithun's bibliography includes many of his other works, including a 1917a and 1917b, both on other topics.)