Baltic Romani[a] is a group of dialects of the Romani language spoken in the Baltic states and adjoining regions of Finland, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine. Half of Baltic Romani speakers live in Poland. Romani began as an Indo-European language, which morphed into an Indo-Iranian language, and then into an Indo-Aryan language. After that the Romani language broke down into Balkan Romani and Central Romani. Baltic Romani came from the Central Romani dialect which branches off into other dialects. There are a total of around 31,500 users in all countries.[2]
| Baltic Romani | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Finland, Ukraine |
Native speakers | 46,000, including 14,000 in Poland and 10,000 in Finland (2001–2013)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rml – Baltic Romani |
| Glottolog | balt1257 Baltic Romani |
| ELP | Baltic Romani |
Classification
editBaltic Romani is classified as a member of the Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan Central Zone, Romani, and Central Romani language families.[3]
History
editThe first speakers of this language settled in Southeast Europe during the 10th and 13th centuries in large swaths. From the 14th century onward, the language spread to Central and Western Europe as well. Comparisons between other languages later revealed it most likely originated from the Indian subcontinent.[4]
Geographic distribution
editThis language is spoken in the following countries:[5]
- Poland: 13,600
- Belarus: 12,000
- Estonia: 360–460
- Latvia: 8,000
- Lithuania: 1,350
- Russian Federation
Official status
editThis language is not an official language in any particular country, though it has other statuses in those which it is spoken.[5]
Dialects and varieties
edit- Čuxny Romani in Estonia (CL: Estonian, Russian)
- Finnish Romani (Fíntika Rómma; Finnish: Kalo) (CL: Finnish)
- Latvian Romani (Lotfitka) in Latvia, Estonia and Russia
- Lithuanian Romani in Lithuania and Belarus
- North Russian Romani (Xaladitka) in Baltic Russia and Belarus, spoken by the Ruska Roma
- Belarusian Romani or Belarus–Lithuanian Romani[6] (Belarusko, Belaruskone-Litouskonengiro rakireben[7]) in Belarus,[8] spoken by the Belaruska Roma and Litovska Roma.
- Polska Roma and Sasytka Roma ( German Roma not to be confused with Sinti ) in Poland (CL: Polish)
Phonology
editThere are three simple stop positions in the Romani language. These come from the Indo-Aryan and are maintained in every dialect of this language. The positions are as follows; labial /p/, dental /t/, and velar /k/. Along with these stop positions, there are also palatal positions which are unique to the Romani language.[9] Specific voicing alterations have changed grammatical endings and different dialects have different ways of interpreting vowels. Some have morphed into newer versions of the Romani language and others have implemented other elements like screams.[10]
Grammar
editIn the Romani language, nouns and verbs are inflected to illustrate how a word acts in a sentence, similar to in other fusional languages like Sanskrit and Latin.[11][12] As in other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as in Romance and Slavic languages, Romani also has grammatical gender, as there are both masculine and feminine words. In addition, there are definite articles along with "different articles for masculine and feminine nouns, for subject and non-subject and for singular and plural articles".[13]
Syntax
editBaltic Romani has a unique rule in that their numerals follow when they are written. Their numerals govern their nominals but not to the degree that Slavic languages do.[14] Baltic genitives mark partial objects and sometimes subjects and also play a prominent role in the syntax of numeral constructions. Baltic languages are similar as both Latvian and Latvian Romani share the same opposition of preverbs and verb particles.[15]
Vocabulary
editThere is a large Indo-Aryan presence in this language that appears mainly in reference to body parts and functions.[16] Along with bodily parts and functions, the Indo-Aryan presence also resides in words that reference time, nature, landscape, numerals, animals, and plants.[17] There is a pre-European lexicon that is mixed in this language that mainly refers to spiritual and religious ideas, tools, and artefacts.[17] Dwellings and places are not represented the best in the inherited lexicon of this language.[18]
Notes
edit- ^ Also called Balt Romani, Balt Slavic Romani, Baltic Slavic Romani, and colloquially as Roma.
References
edit- ^ Baltic Romani at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "Romani, Baltic". Joshua Project. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
- ^ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. p. 242.
- ^ Bakker, Peter; Kiuchukov, Khristo (2000). What is the Romani Language?. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 49.
- ^ a b "Romani, Baltic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
- ^ Калинин В. И. (2019). Ученые записки ВГУ имени П.М. Машерова : cборник научных трудов. Витебск. p. 152.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[permanent dead link] - ^ Biblii︠a︡ : Pė Baltíko Romaní chib (Romanės). Valʹdemar Kalinin. Biel. 2014. ISBN 978-2-940059-20-1. OCLC 1062281925.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Biblii︠a︡ : Pė Baltíko Romaní chib (Romanės). Valʹdemar Kalinin. Biel. 2014. ISBN 978-2-940059-20-1. OCLC 1062281925.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781139433242.
- ^ Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9781139433242.
- ^ Bakker, Peter; Kiuchukov, Khristo (2000). What is the Romani Language?. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 33.
- ^ Bakker, Peter; Kiuchukov, Khristo (2000). What is the Romani Language?. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 33, 34.
- ^ Bakker, Peter; Kiuchukov, Khristo (2000). What is the Romani Language?. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 35.
- ^ Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001-12-31). Circum-Baltic Languages: Volume 2: Grammar and Typology. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 342, 343. ISBN 9789027297273.
- ^ Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001-12-31). Circum-Baltic Languages: Volume 2: Grammar and Typology. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 437. ISBN 9789027297273.
- ^ Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9781139433242.
- ^ a b Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781139433242.
- ^ Matras, Yaron (2002-06-06). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28., 29. ISBN 9781139433242.
Bibliography
edit- Bakker, P., & Ki︠u︡chukov, K. (2000). What is the Romani language? (Vol. 21). Univ of Hertfordshire Press
External links
edit
- "Romani, Baltic". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- "Did you know Baltic Romani is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- "Glottolog 3.1 - Baltic Romani". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- "OLAC resources in and about the Baltic Romani language". Language-archives.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.