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ISS year-long mission

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The ISS year-long mission was an 11-month-long scientific research project aboard the International Space Station, which studied the health effects of long-term spaceflight.[2] Astronaut Scott Kelly (ideally suited for the experiment as the identical twin of Mark Kelly) and cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko spent 340 days in space with scientists performing medical experiments. Kelly and Kornienko launched on 27 March 2015 on Soyuz TMA-16M, along with Gennady Padalka.[3][4][5][6] The mission encompassed Expeditions 43, 44, 45, and 46.[7] The pair safely landed in Kazakhstan on March 2, 2016, returning aboard Soyuz TMA-18M with Sergey Volkov.[8] The mission supported the NASA Twins study, which helps shed light on the health effects of long-duration spaceflight, which is of interest for Mars missions especially.[9]

ISS year-long mission
Mission typeLong-duration expedition
Mission duration340d 8h 43m
Orbits completed5,356 [1]
Expedition
Space stationInternational Space Station
BeganMarch 27, 2015, 19:42 (2015-03-27UTC19:42Z) UTC
EndedMarch 2, 2016, 04:25 (2016-03-02UTC04:26Z) UTC
Arrived aboardSoyuz TMA-16M
Departed aboardSoyuz TMA-18M
Crew
Crew size2
Members
EVAs4
EVA duration23h54m

Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko

On 12 April 2019, NASA reported medical results from the NASA Twins Study, which demonstrated several long-lasting changes, including those related to alterations in DNA and cognition when one twin was compared with the other.[10][11]

Selection

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Identical twins Mark and Scott Kelly were studied for changes in the health of a body in space compared to a body on earth.[12]

In November 2012, NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), and their international partners selected two veteran spacefarers for a one-year mission aboard the International Space Station in 2015. The mission included collecting scientific data important to future human exploration of the Solar System. Kelly and Korniyenko already had an indirect connection: Kelly was a backup crew member for the station's Expedition 23/24 crews, where Korniyenko served as a flight engineer.

The goal aboard the orbiting laboratory was to understand better how the human body reacts and adapts to the harsh environment of space.[7] Data from the mission was used to improve assessments of crew performance and health. They worked to develop and validate better countermeasures against the risks associated with future missions around the Moon, asteroids and ultimately Mars.[13]

Results

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On 12 April 2019, NASA reported medical results, from the NASA Twins study, which demonstrated several long-lasting changes, including those related to alterations in DNA and cognition, when one twin was compared with the other.[10][11]

The study also required the astronauts to keep a journal, and investigated the psychological effects of living in a confined space for an extended length of time. Kornienko said of his experiences on Expedition 23/24: "The thing you miss there most of all is the Earth itself, I missed smells. I missed trees, I even dreamt of them. I even hallucinated. I thought I smelled a real fire and something being barbecued on it! I ended up putting pictures of trees on the walls to cheer up. You do miss the Earth there."[14]

Scott stated that he missed feeling changes in the weather while on the ISS.[15]

NASA Twin Study

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Identical twins Mark Kelly and Scott Kelly were studied for changes in the health of a body in space compared to a body on earth. A variety of mechanisms in the human body were analyzed, notably telomere length, body mass, eye and bone deformation, and immune response. The study found no significant changes in T cell production after the first vaccination of the study, nor changes in some other mechanisms, but did find: "significant changes in multiple data types were observed in association with the spaceflight period; the majority of these eventually returned to a preflight state within the time period of the study. These included changes in telomere length, gene regulation measured in both epigenetic and transcriptional data, gut microbiome composition, body weight, carotid artery dimensions, subfoveal choroidal thickness and peripapillary total retinal thickness, and serum metabolites. In addition, some factors were significantly affected by the stress of returning to Earth, including inflammation cytokines and immune response gene networks, as well as cognitive performance. For a few measures, persistent changes were observed even after 6 months on Earth, including some genes’ expression levels, increased DNA damage from chromosomal inversions, increased numbers of short telomeres, and attenuated cognitive function."[16]

Effect of spaceflight on the human body

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See also: Effect of spaceflight on the human body and Psychological and sociological effects of space flight

The International Space Station developed exercise equipment, including treadmills and resistance devices to limit muscle atrophy in a low gravity environment. Weightlessness causes body fluids in astronauts to accumulate in the upper half of the body, leading to facial edema and unwelcome side effects. One problem may be the low gravity affecting the body in unforeseen ways and it can be hard to detect the cause and effect of gravity on the body. Space seems to cause trouble for a number of body parts including bone, sometimes the eyes, and a classic problem is space sickness.[citation needed]

Further information: Spaceflight osteopenia

Longest time spent in space by other astronauts

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For a more comprehensive list, see List of spaceflight records § Duration of spaceflight.
 
The Soyuz TMA-18M spacecraft is seen as it lands with Expedition 46 commander Scott Kelly of NASA and Russian cosmonauts Mikhail Kornienko and Sergey Volkov of Roscosmos near the town of Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, on Wednesday, March 2, 2016.

Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov spent 365 days in space on Mir from December 1987 to December 1988. Valeri Polyakov spent 438 days on Mir in 1994-1995 and Sergey Avdeyev spent 380 days on Mir in 1998-1999.[17][18]

Prior to the year-long mission, the longest mission on the ISS was 215 days by Mikhail Tyurin and Michael López-Alegría. Christina Hammock Koch holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman at 328 days.[19] In March 2022, NASA's Mark T. Vande Hei and the Russian Pyotr Dubrov landed, following 355 days in space as part of ISS Expeditions 64/65/66.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Spacefacts
  2. ^ Jeffrey Kluger (18 Dec 2014). "Meet the Twins Unlocking the Secrets of Space: NASA's One-Year Mission with Mark and Scott Kelly". Time. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  3. ^ "Historic yearlong mission crew launches to space station on Soyuz TMA-16M". collectSPACE. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  4. ^ AFP (27 March 2015). "Soyuz spacecraft with Russian, US astronauts blasts off for year-long mission". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  5. ^ Brooks Hays (27 March 2015). "Soyuz rocket launches yearlong space station crew". United Press International. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  6. ^ Irene Klotz (27 March 2015). "U.S., Russian crew blasts off for year-long stay on space station". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  7. ^ a b Jason Davis (25 March 2015). "One-Year ISS Mission Preview: 28 Experiments, 4 Expeditions and 2 Crew Members". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  8. ^ "One-Year Crew Returns from Space Station March 1; Live Coverage on NASA TV". Nasa.gov. 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  9. ^ Gushanas, Timothy (2017-01-30). "First Look at Findings of NASA Twins Study". NASA. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
  10. ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (12 April 2019). "Scott Kelly Spent a Year in Orbit. His Body Is Not Quite the Same - NASA scientists compared the astronaut to his earthbound twin, Mark. The results hint at what humans will have to endure on long journeys through space". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  11. ^ a b Garrett-Bakeman, Francine E.; et al. (12 April 2019). "The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight". Science. 364 (6436): eaau8650. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.8650G. doi:10.1126/science.aau8650. PMC 7580864. PMID 30975860.
  12. ^ Eric Berger (20 March 2015). "Year-long mission the next step for Kelly, NASA". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  13. ^ "NASA, Roscosmos Assign Veteran Crew to Yearlong Space Station Mission". NASA. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
  14. ^ Chris Arridge (12 September 2015). "Record-breaking astronauts return to Earth – taking us one step closer to Mars". The Conversation. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  15. ^ "Crew of First Yearlong Expedition Aboard ISS Previews Mission". YouTube. NASA. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  16. ^ Garrett-Bakelman, Francine E.; Darshi, Manjula; Green, Stefan J.; Gur, Ruben C.; Lin, Ling; Macias, Brandon R.; McKenna, Miles J.; Meydan, Cem; Mishra, Tejaswini; Nasrini, Jad; Piening, Brian D.; Rizzardi, Lindsay F.; Sharma, Kumar; Siamwala, Jamila H.; Taylor, Lynn; Vitaterna, Martha Hotz; Afkarian, Maryam; Afshinnekoo, Ebrahim; Ahadi, Sara; Ambati, Aditya; Arya, Maneesh; Bezdan, Daniela; Callahan, Colin M.; Chen, Songjie; Choi, Augustine M. K.; Chlipala, George E.; Contrepois, Kévin; Covington, Marisa; Crucian, Brian E.; De Vivo, Immaculata; Dinges, David F.; Ebert, Douglas J.; Feinberg, Jason I.; Gandara, Jorge A.; George, Kerry A.; Goutsias, John; Grills, George S.; Hargens, Alan R.; Heer, Martina; Hillary, Ryan P.; Hoofnagle, Andrew N.; Hook, Vivian Y. H.; Jenkinson, Garrett; Jiang, Peng; Keshavarzian, Ali; Laurie, Steven S.; Lee-McMullen, Brittany; Lumpkins, Sarah B.; MacKay, Matthew; Maienschein-Cline, Mark G.; Melnick, Ari M.; Moore, Tyler M.; Nakahira, Kiichi; Patel, Hemal H.; Pietrzyk, Robert; Rao, Varsha; Saito, Rintaro; Salins, Denis N.; Schilling, Jan M.; Sears, Dorothy D.; Sheridan, Caroline K.; Stenger, Michael B.; Tryggvadottir, Rakel; Urban, Alexander E.; Vaisar, Tomas; Van Espen, Benjamin; Zhang, Jing; Ziegler, Michael G.; Zwart, Sara R.; Charles, John B.; Kundrot, Craig E.; Scott, Graham B. I.; Bailey, Susan M.; Basner, Mathias; Feinberg, Andrew P.; Lee, Stuart M. C.; Mason, Christopher E.; Mignot, Emmanuel; Rana, Brinda K.; Smith, Scott M.; Snyder, Michael P.; Turek, Fred W. (2019-04-12). "The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight". Science. 364 (6436). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 127. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.8650G. doi:10.1126/science.aau8650. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7580864. PMID 30975860.
  17. ^ Schwirtz, Michael (30 March 2009). "Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  18. ^ "Last Human to Spend a Year in Space Discusses Upcoming ISS One Year Mission". YouTube. ReelNASA. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  19. ^ "Christina Hammock Koch NASA Astronaut". NASA. April 3, 2023.
  20. ^ Davenport, Christian (March 30, 2022). "NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei, Russian cosmonauts return safely to Earth". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
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