Tāj al-Dīn Abū'l-Faḍl Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Hussein ibn ʿAṭā Allāh al-Judhami al-Iskandarī al-Shādhilī was an Egyptian Malikite jurist, muhaddith and the third murshid (spiritual "guide" or "master") of the Shadhili Sufi order.
Ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari | |
|---|---|
| Personal | |
| Born | 658 AH / 1259 CE |
| Died | 709 AH / 1310 CE [2] |
| Religion | Islam |
| Era | Medieval |
| Region | Alexandria |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Maliki[1] |
| Creed | Ashari[1] |
Life
editHe was born in Alexandria and taught at both the al-Azhar Mosque and the Mansuriyyah madrasa in Cairo. He was responsible for systematizing Shādhilī doctrines and recording the biographies of the order's founder, Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili, and his successor, Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi. He is credited with having authored the first systematic treatise on dhikr, The Key to Salvation (Miftāḥ al-Falāḥ), but is mostly known for his compilation of aphorisms, the Ḥikam al-ʿAtā‘iyya.
Ibn ʿAṭā Allāh was one of those who confronted the controversial theologian Ibn Taymiyya, who was jailed several times for his views on religious issues and for his perceived excesses in attacking the Sufis.[3] His confrontations with Ibn Taymiyya saw Ibn ʿAṭā Allāh leading a procession of some 200 Sufis against Ibn Taymiyya as well as confronting him on issues.
Works
editIbn ‘Ata’ Allah’s works include:
- Kitab al-Hikam (The Book of Wisdom)[4]
- Kitab al-Lata’if fi manaqib Abi l-‘Abbas al-Mursi wa Shaykhihi Abi l Hasan (The Subtle Blessings in the Saintly Lives of Abu l-‘Abbas al-Mursi and His Master Abu l-Hassan)[5]
- Miftah al-falah wa misbah al-anwah (The Key of Success and the Lamps of Spirits).[6]
- Kitab al-Tanwir fi isqat al-Tadbir (The Illumination on Abandoning Self-Direction)[7]
- Al-Qasd al-mujarrad fi ma’rifat al-Ism al-Mufrad (The Pure Goal Concerning Knowledge of the Unique Name)[8]
- Taj al-arus al-hawi li-tahdhib an-nufus (The Bride’s Crown Containing the Discipline of Souls)[9]
- Unwan at-tawfiq fi adab at-tariq (The Sign of Success Concerning the Discipline of the Path)[10]
Death and legacy
editHe died in 1309 while in Cairo.
The wide circulation of Ibn ʿAṭā Allāh's written works led to the spread of the Shādhilī order in North Africa, where the order's founder had been rejected in earlier attempts. The Wafai Sufi order was also derived from his works.[11]
Commentaries on the Ḥikam have been made by some of the most famous masters of the Shadhili order such as Ibn Abbad al-Rundi, Ahmad Zarruq and Ahmad ibn Ajiba as well as non-Shadhilis like the Syrian Islamic law Professor Sa'id Ramadan al-Bouti. A modern English translation of Ḥikam by Muhammed Nafih Wafy was published under the title "The Book of Aphorism" by Islamic Book Trust in Malaysia in 2010.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b Danner, Victor (1978). The Book of Wisdom (Classics of Western Spirituality). Paulist Press. p. 37. ISBN 0809121824.
- ^ Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st. pub. 1971]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 722. ISBN 9004081186.
- ^ Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st. pub. 1971]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 723. ISBN 9004081186.
- ^ For a translation of this work see Danner, V. 1973, Sufi Aphorisms, E. J. Brill, Leiden; 1978, The Book of Wisdom, Paulist Press, New York.
- ^ For a translation of this work see Roberts, N. 2005, The Subtle Blessings in the Saintly Lives of Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi & His Master Abu al-Hasan, Fons Vitae, Louisville.
- ^ For a translation of this work see Danner, M. A. K. 1996, The Key to Salvation, The Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge.
- ^ For a translation of this work see Siddique, O. (trans) 2022, The Illumination on Abandoning Self-Direction, Dhikr, Sydney.
- ^ For a translation of this work see Williams, K. 2018, The Pure Intention: On Knowledge of the Unique Name, The Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge.
- ^ For a translation of this work see Jackson, S. A. 2012, Sufism for Non-Sufis?, Oxford University Press, New York.
- ^ For a translation of this work see Al-Tarjumana, A. A. R. (trans.) 2005, Self-Knowledge Commentaries on Sufic Songs, Madinah Press, Capetown.
- ^ "The Relevance and the Beauty of the Teaching of Shaykh Ibn 'Ata' Allah". Sirajuddin.com.au. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
- ^ The Book of Aphorisms – Islamic Book Trust Online Bookstore https://ibtbooks.com/shop/the-book-of-aphorisms/
External links
edit- The Key to Salvation: A Sufi Manual of Invocation (Miftah al-Falah) chosen excerpt here Translated by Mary Ann Koury Danner
- The Key to Salvation chapter available here Archived 2010-06-27 at the Wayback Machine by Ayesha Bewley.
- Ibn 'Ata' Allah, Muslim Sufi Saint and Gift of Heaven by Abu Bakr Sirajuddin Cook.
- The Illumination on Abandoning Self-Direction (Al-Tanwir Fi Isqat Al-Tadbir) Translated by Omer Siddique
- The Book of Aphorism (KItab al-Hikam) Translated by Muhammad Nifih Wafy
- Hikam (maxims or aphorisms), partially translated here Archived 2011-04-18 at the Wayback Machine by Ayesha Bewley.
- Commentary by Ibn Abbad in English.
- Hikam in English and Arabic PDFs, and links to audio recordings.