Idris (I) ibn Abd Allah (Arabic: إدريس بن عبد الله, romanized: Idrīs ibn ʿAbd Allāh; d. 791), also known as Idris the Elder (إدريس الأكبر, Idrīs al-Akbar), was a Hasanid and the founder of the Idrisid dynasty in part of northern Morocco, after fleeing the Hejaz as a result of the Battle of Fakhkh.[1] He ruled from 788 to 791. He is credited with founding the dynasty that established Moroccan statehood, and is regarded as the founding father of Morocco.[2]
| Idris I ibn Abd Allah إدريس بن عبد الله | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emir of Morocco | |||||
| Reign | 788–791 | ||||
| Predecessor | None | ||||
| Successor | Idris II | ||||
| Born | Unknown Hejaz, Arabia | ||||
| Died | 791 Walīlī, Morocco | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Kenza al-Awrabiya | ||||
| Issue | Idris II | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Idrisid | ||||
| Father | Abd Allah al-Mahd | ||||
| Mother | Atika bint Abd al-Malik | ||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
History
editIdris was the great-grandchild of Hasan, who was the son of Fatima and Ali and grandson of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.[3] He was born and raised in Arabia.[4] His paternal half-brothers Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya and Ibrahim had been killed by the Abbasids during an abortive rebellion. His brother Yahya rose in revolt in Daylam, but was forced to surrender. He was persecuted by Caliph Harun al-Rashid thereafter, and repeatedly imprisoned.
Idris himself had participated (along with Yahya) in another Alid uprising in 786, under al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Abid. After the revolt's defeat at the Battle of Fakhkh, he escaped and remained in hiding, before moving to Egypt. Assisted by the local head of the caliphal postal system, Wadih, he managed to leave Egypt and reach the Maghreb.[3]
In 789, he arrived in Tangier before going to Walīlī, the site of the Roman Volubilis. Here his headquarters have been discovered in recent excavations conducted by the Moroccan Institute of Archaeology (INSAP) and University College London.[5] The headquarters lies just outside the walls of the Roman town, which was then occupied by the Berber tribe of the Awraba, under Ishaq ibn Muhammad. He married Kenza,[6] of the Awraba, fathering a son, Idris II.[7] This event is considered a consolidation and the birth of the Idrisid dynasty, the fourth Muslim State in Morocco after Nekor (710–1019), Barghawata (744–1058), and Midrar (757–976).
Idris I conquered large parts of northern Morocco and founded the city of Fez. In 789 AD, he captured Tlemcen (in modern-day Algeria) from the Sufrite Ifranid Abu Qurra[8] which became part of the kingdom. This succession of events prompted vengeance from the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, who sent emissaries to kill him. Idris I died in 791 in Walīlī, allegedly poisoned by the caliph's agents.[3][9] His son, Idris II, was born a few months later and brought up by the Awraba under the regency of Rashid, his father's freedman (mawla) and advisor.[1][4][9] He left Walīlī for Fes in 808. During his reign (791–828) he successfully consolidated the Idrisid state and developed Fez into a thriving capital.[1][10]
Idris I's body was buried on a hill not far from Walīlī. The site of his tomb grew into a village known as Moulay Idriss Zerhoun. A zawiya (religious complex) centered around his mausoleum developed here over the centuries and remains an important religious site in Morocco today.[11][12]
Genealogy
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, 1987, p. 51-52
- ^ Everett, Samuel Sami; Vince, Rebekah (10 November 2020). Jewish–Muslim Interactions: Performing Cultures between North Africa and France. Liverpool University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-78962-727-5.
- ^ a b c Eustache 1971, p. 1031.
- ^ a b Stephen, Cory (2012). "Idris I (d. 791)". In Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Niven, Steven J. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
- ^ Fentress & Limane 2018.
- ^ Robinson, Marsha R. (2006). Crossing the Strait from Morocco to the United States: The transnational gendering of the Atlantic world before 1830. The Ohio State University. p. 74.
Idriss' power to rule in this area hinged upon his marriage to Kenza
- ^ "من هو مولاي إدريس الأول - المرسال" [Who is Moulay Idriss I?]. 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Her name is Kenza al-Awrabiya in relation to the Berber tribe called Awraba. She is the daughter of the tribe's leader, Ishaq bin Abdul Hamid al-Awrabi, and the wife of Moulay Idris I, who was assassinated while she was pregnant with her first son.
- ^ Fage, J. D.; Clark, Desmond J.; Oliver, Roland (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 526. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
- ^ a b Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2018). "Idrīsids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32374. ISSN 1873-9830.
- ^ Rivet, Daniel (2012). Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI. Fayard. p. 86.
- ^ Berthier, P. (1991). "Mawlāy Idrīs". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5057. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
- ^ Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. ISBN 978-3902782311.
Sources
edit- Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2018). "Idrīsids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32374. ISSN 1873-9830.
- Julien, Charles-André, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830, original edition in 1931, new edition by Payot, Paris, 1994
- Abum-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period.
- Fentress, Elizabeth; Limane, Hassan (2018). Volubilis après Rome. Fouilles 2000-2004. Brill.
- Eustache, D. (1971). "Idrīs I". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1031. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3492. OCLC 495469525.