Idu, also Idum (Sātu Qalā) was an ancient Near Eastern town in the Erbil Governorate in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, on the right bank of the Lower Zab. It was occupied primarily in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age periods, though it remained occupied until the Middle Islamic period. It lies 70 kilometers southeast of modern Erbil and 50 kilometers northeast of modern Kirkuk.[1]
  Shown within Iraq  Idu (city) (Near East) | |
| Alternative name | Idu |
|---|---|
| Location | Erbil Governorate, Iraq |
| Region | Mesopotamia |
| Coordinates | 35°52′29″N 44°41′58″E / 35.87472°N 44.69944°E |
| Type | tell |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 2011-2013 |
| Archaeologists | Diederik Meijer, Wilfred van Soldt |
History
editSurface pottery fragments indicated some level of occupation occurred in the Early Bronze and Middle Bronze ages. The site was definitively occupied in the Late Bronze age Middle Assyrian period, in the later half of the 2nd millennium BC, based on an inscribed brick, an excavated palace, and a cylinder seal, when it was the capital of Idu province. After the fall of the Middle Assyrian Empire the city became independent for several centuries, with known rules named Abbizeri, Bal’ilanu and Eristenu, and Baiuri. An inscribed brick of the latter read "Bajaru, King of the Land Idu, son of Edima".[2] Idu then became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in its early days. It later gained independence and survived to later become part of the , Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sassanians empires. The site was occupied until the Middle Islamic period.[3][4]
Archaeology
editThe site consists of a main mound 170 meters by 100 meters in area with a height about 10 meters above the plain. The south slope is marked by a side branch of the Lower Zab river. A modern village covers much of the top and locals have mined the northern slope for topsoil. It was visited by the excavators during a survey of the region in 2006. During that visit a local turned over several inscribed bricks from the Middle Assyrian period bearing the town name, a royal name, and reference to the building of a palace wall. Excavations were conducted in 2010 and 2011 involving researchers Diederik Meijer and Wilfred van Soldt from Leiden University, Leipzig University and Salahaddin University. Four squares were opened, Area A on the west slope, Area B on the northeast slope, Area C on the eastern slope, and Area D on the southern slope. In Area A a serpentine 9th century BC cylinder seal was found. Finds included 41 inscribed objects in the Assyrian dialect of Akkadian, none in situ and most were bricks originating in an embankment wall of the palace. All of the inscribed bricks were of local rulers except for one Neo-Assyrian fragment "Palace of Aššurnaṣirpal, king of the land of Aššur …".
"Palace of Abbi-zēri, king of the land of the city of Idu, son of Šara…ni, also king of the land of the city of Idu. The embankment wall of the palace of Abbi-zēri.
Additionally, some inscribed items from the site are held in museums, three at the Suleimaniya Museum, four at the Museum of the Directorate of Antiquities in Koya, and one at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad. Further work awaits agreement with the locals of town of Sātu Qalā, which Idu sits beneath.[5][6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ van Soldt, W.H., "The Location of Idu", N.A.B.U. 55, pp. 72-74, 2008
- ^ Cinzia Pappi, "The Land of Idu: City, Province, or Kingdom ?", SAAB XXIV, pp. 97-123, 2018
- ^ Llop-Raduà, Jaume, "The Development of the Middle Assyrian Provinces", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 87-111, 2012
- ^ Ahmed, K.M., "Idu in the beginning of the second millennium BC", N.A.B.U., no. 4, 2010
- ^ [1]van Soldt, W. H., "Satu Qala. A Preliminary Report on the Seasons 2010-2011", Anatolica. Annuaire international pour les civilisations de l'Asie antérieur. Publié sous les auspices de l'Institut historique et archéologique néerlandais à Istanbul, no. 39, pp. 197-239, 2013
- ^ Cinzia Pappi, "Satu Qala: an Assessment of the Stratigraphy of the Site", in The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions, Archaeopress, pp. 297–308, 2016 ISBN 978-1784913939
External links
edit- Illuminating a Dark Age: New Work at Satu Qala, Iraq - Expedition Magazine
- Ancient Kingdom Discovered Beneath Mound in Iraq Live Science 2013
- 2010 Pilot excavation in Iraqi Kurdistan - Leiden Leipzig University - Shelby White and Leon Levy Program
- Archaeological Excavations at Satu Qala, the Ancient Idu, Fieldwork 2010-2013
- 5,000-year-old Iraqi city discovered under a 10 meter-deep mound - Archaeology World 2020