An industrial city or industrial town is a town or city in which the municipal economy, at least historically, is centered around industry, with important factories or other production facilities in the town. It has been part of most countries' industrialization process. Air pollution and toxic waste have contributed to the lower life expectancy in some industrial cities.[1][2][3][4] Industrial cities are distinguished from port cities or other transportation hubs, which deal in services. In countries with strong central planning, such as China, a city could be created on paper, and then industry found to locate there.[5][6]
In the United States, which had much sparsely populated land, the industry typically preceded the town; the town grew up around a factory, mine, or source of water power. As the industry grew, and it and its employees needed goods and services, the town grew with and often around it, until in some cases the town became a city. It is a capitalistic and typically unplanned expansion. Examples are Scranton, Pennsylvania, and the mill towns of New England. Many American industrial cities are located in the Great Lakes region of the country, often referred to as the Rust Belt, referring to the declining industry and overall economy of many cities in the region. "The industrial city" as a nickname, though, most frequently refers to South San Francisco, where the term is inscribed on a hillside sign.[7]
In Europe, where industries more frequently arose within existing cities, industrialization affected the internal structure of many of them.[how?] By the end of the nineteenth century the shape and functions of most cities, along with social relations, appeared fundamentally changed.[how?] Manchester, England, is considered[by whom?] to be the archetype of the industrial city on the basis of Friedrich Engels' observations.[8][further explanation needed]
In the Chinese-speaking world, the term "industrial city" refers to cities in which the municipal economy is led by heavy industries or the heavy industry is a significant impression of the city to people other than its local residents.[9][10][further explanation needed]
References
edit- ^ "Industrial city - sociology". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2015-09-21. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ^ Simkin, John. "Industrial Towns and Cities". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ^ 工業旅遊：傳統工業城市轉型與發展的六大路徑
- ^ Henderson, J. Vernon; Kuncoro, Ari; Turner, Matthew (1992). Industrial Development in Cities (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w4178. Archived from the original on 2018-06-30. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ^ Henderson, J. Vernon; Kuncoro, Ari; Turner, Matthew (1992). Industrial Development in Cities (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w4178.
- ^ pre-industrial cities (1), industrial cities (2) and post-industrial cities (3).
- ^ "South San Francisco Hillside Sign - FoundSF". www.foundsf.org. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 378. ISBN 9780415252256.
- ^ "工業城市：產業革命後隨著現代工業的發展而產生的以工業生產為主要職能的城市，在 -華人百科". 華人百科 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ^ Wang, Mark (2014). Old industrial cities seeking new road of industrialization : models of revitalizing Northeast China. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4390-54-5. OCLC 864899911.