Ingerophrynus is a genus of true toads with 12 species.[2][3] The genus is found in southern Yunnan and Southeast Asia; from Myanmar and Indochina to peninsular Thailand and Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, Sulawesi, and the Philippines.[2] This genus was established after a major taxonomical revision of frogs in 2006.[1]
| Ingerophrynus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Crested toad (Ingerophrynus biporcatus) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006[1] |
| Species | |
|
12 species (see text) | |
Taxonomy and systematics
editTen of the species in this genus were formerly considered species of the genus Bufo, most of them in what had been known as the Bufo biporcatus group; the remaining ones were assigned to this genus based on molecular data.[1] In 2007 a new species, Ingerophrynus gollum, was added to this genus.[4] The sister taxon of Ingerophrynus is Sabahphrynus.[2]
Etymology
editThe generic name Ingerophrynus honors Robert F. Inger, an American zoologist from the Field Museum of Natural History.[1][5]
Description
editThe diagnostic characters of the Bufo biporcatus group are the presence of supraorbital, parietal, and supratympanic crests, lack of a tarsal ridge, presence of vocal sacs but absence of melanophores in the surrounding muscle tissue, lack of tibial glands, lack supinator manus humeralis and adductor longus muscles, presence of paired crests on the vertebral column, rugose skull, squamosal bones with broad dorsal otic plates, and smooth palatine bones.[4]
Species
edit| Binomial name and binomial authority | common name |
|---|---|
| Ingerophrynus biporcatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) | crested toad |
| Ingerophrynus celebensis (Günther, 1859) | Sulawesian toad |
| Ingerophrynus claviger (W. Peters, 1863) | Benkulen toad |
| Ingerophrynus divergens (W. Peters, 1871) | Malayan dwarf toad |
| Ingerophrynus galeatus (Günther, 1864) | bony-headed toad |
| Ingerophrynus gollum L. Grismer, 2007 | |
| Ingerophrynus kumquat (Das & Lim, 2001) | |
| Ingerophrynus ledongensis (Fei, Ye & Huang, 2009) | |
| Ingerophrynus macrotis (Boulenger, 1887) | big-eared toad |
| Ingerophrynus parvus (Boulenger, 1887) | lesser Malacca toad |
| Ingerophrynus philippinicus (Boulenger, 1887) | Philippine toad |
| Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus (Boulenger, 1887) | greater Malacca toad |
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Ingerophrynus.
References
edit- ^ a b c d Frost, D.R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J.; Bain, R.H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C.L.F.B.; Sá, R.O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S.C.; Raxworthy, C.J.; Campbell, J.A.; Blotto, B.L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R.C.; Nussbaum, R.A.; Lynch, J.D.; Green, D.M.; Wheeler, W.C. (2006). "The amphibian tree of life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781.
- ^ a b c d Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Ingerophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ a b Grismer, L. Lee (2007). "A new species of Ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rain forest in southern peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Herpetology. 41 (2): 225–230. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[225:ansoia]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 4498578. S2CID 198157730.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Exeter, England: Pelagic Publishing. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. (ePub).