Inwa (Burmese: အင်းဝမြို့; MLCTS: ang:wa.mrui., IPA: [ʔɪ́ɰ̃wa̰ mjo̰] or [ʔəwa̰ mjo̰]; also spelled Innwa; formerly known as Ava), located in Mandalay Region, Myanmar, is an ancient imperial capital of successive Burmese kingdoms from the 14th to 19th centuries. Throughout history, it was sacked and rebuilt numerous times. The capital city was finally abandoned after it was destroyed by a series of major earthquakes in March 1839. Though only a few traces of its former grandeur remain today, the former capital is a popular day-trip tourist destination from Mandalay.
Inwa
အင်းဝ Ava | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Inwa Location of Ava | |
| Coordinates: 21°51′28″N 95°59′06″E / 21.85778°N 95.98500°E | |
| Country |  Myanmar |
| Region | Mandalay Region |
| District | Kyaukse District |
| Founded | 26 February 1365 |
| Population | |
| • Ethnicities | Bamar |
| • Religions | Theravada Buddhism |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MST) |
Etymology
editThe name Inwa (အင်းဝ) literally means "mouth of the Lake", reflecting its geographical location at the mouth of lakes in the Kyaukse District. Another theory states that it is derived from Innawa (အင်းနဝ), meaning "nine lakes" in the area.[1] The city's classical name in Pali is Ratanapura (ရတနပုရ; "City of Gems").[2][3]
The modern standard Burmese pronunciation is Inwa (IPA: [ʔɪ́ɰ̃wa̰]), following the modern orthography. But the local Upper Burmese pronunciation is Awa ([ʔəwa̰]). Indeed, the spelling of the city in the royal records, all written prior to the modern Burmese spelling standardization drives, is အဝ (Awa), the phonetic spelling of the Upper Burmese usage.[4] The most common Western transcription Ava comes from Awa via Portuguese.
History
edit
Inwa was the capital of Myanmar (Burma) for nearly 360 years, on five separate occasions, from 1365 to 1842. So identified as the seat of power in Burma that Inwa (as the Kingdom of Ava, or the Court of Ava) was the name by which Burma was known to Europeans down to the 19th century.
Foundation
editStrategically located on the confluence of Irrawaddy, and Myitnge rivers, and in the main rice-growing Kyaukse District of Upper Burma, the location of Ava had been scouted as a possible capital site as early as 1310 by King Thihathu. Though Thihathu eventually built his new capital at Pinya a few miles east inland in 1313, Thihathu's great-grandson Thado Minbya, who unified the Sagaing and Pinya kingdoms in September 1364, chose the site of Inwa as his new capital.
Inwa was officially founded on 26 February 1365 (6th waxing of Tabaung 726 ME)[5] on a man-made island created by connecting the Irrawaddy on the north and the Myitnge on the east with a canal on the south and the west. The construction of the artificial island also involved filling in the swamplands and lakes (or Ins):[1]†
- Shwekyabin In (ရွှေကြာပင် အင်း)
- Zani In (ဇနီ အင်း)
- Nyaungzauk In (ညောင်စောက် အင်း)
- Wetchi In (ဝက်ချေး အင်း)
- Ohnne In (အုန္နဲ အင်း)
- Inma In (အင်းမ အင်း)
- Linsan In (လင်းစံ အင်း)
- Bayme In (ဘေးမဲ့ အင်း)
- Wunbe In (ဝမ်းဘဲ အင်း)
† Other records also include Kyaukmaw In (ကျောက်မော် အင်း), Ngagyi In (ငကျည်း အင်း) and Inbu In (အင်းဘူး အင်း).
The brick fortifications of Inwa do not follow the conventions of the earlier rectilinear city plans; Inwa's citadel is probably the only barrel shaped city in the world. Instead, the zigzagged outer walls are popularly thought to outline the figure of a seated lion – the Burmese Chinthe. The inner enclosure or citadel was laid out according to traditional cosmological principles and provided the requisite twelve gates. (The inner city was reconstructed on at least three occasions in 1597, 1763, and 1832.)[6] The design of Inwa, or at least the inner citadel, is designed to replicate the Buddhist universe in miniature. The palace was constructed in the very centre of the citadel, which according to traditional principles of Burmese city design, corresponds to the location of the Buddha, therefore directly associating the King with the Buddha himself.[7] This conferred upon the King a divine status and the palace as a religious centrepiece. The kingdom and its power emanated directly from the city as a mandala, encircling the entirety of the world (in theory) and therefore the city was a cosmological centre of a divinely ordained kingdom.[8]
Ava period (14th to 16th centuries)
editThe kingdom Thado Minbya founded with the capital at Inwa became known as the Ava Kingdom, the main polity of Upper Burma until 1555. During this period, the city was the center of a flourishing literary scene in which Burmese literature "grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse, chiefly through the efforts of monks who chose to write in the vernacular rather than, or in addition to, in Pali."[9] The period also saw the second generation of Burmese law codes (dhammathats), which critiqued earlier compilations, new poetic genres, and the perfection of older verse forms as well as the earliest pan-Burma Burmese language chronicles.[9] The city got a new "exquisite golden palace" in February 1511 by which King Shwenankyawshin is posthumously remembered.[10]
During the reign of Swa Saw Ke, a council was convened at Ava which was attended by the King, members of the Sangha, Sinhalese monks, and Brahmins.[8] In one inscription the city was said to be as pleasant as Tavatimsa, the most important of the Buddhist heavens which also served as the model for the earthly realm of Burmese kingdoms.[11] Swa Saw Ke was known as an intellectual king who encouraged scholarly endeavours and the city was said to be full of intelligent conversation.[8]
During this period, the capital city was the target of the kingdom's rivals. It came under siege in 1401–1402 during the Forty Years' War. Over a century later, on 25 March 1527, the city finally fell to the repeated attacks by the Confederation of Shan States and the Prome Kingdom.[12] It then became the capital of the unruly and often disunited coalition until 22 January 1555 when it was captured by King Bayinnaung. The city's 190-year run as the capital of Upper Burma came to an end.
Toungoo and Konbaung periods (16th to 19th centuries)
edit
The city became the capital of all Burma during Toungoo and Konbaung periods (1599–1613, 1635–1752, 1765–1783, 1821–1842). The city was the base from which kings Nyaungyan and Anaukpetlun restored the kingdom which had temporarily disintegrated in December 1599. In January 1635, King Thalun moved the capital back to Ava from Pegu (Bago).[13] The city was sacked on 21–23 March 1752, and subsequently burned down on 3 January 1753 by the forces of Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. King Hsinbyushin began the reconstruction of the city in March 1764, and moved the capital back to a newly rebuilt Ava on 23 July 1765.[14] King Bodawpaya moved the capital to Amarapura in May 1783 but his grandson King Bagyidaw moved it back to Ava in November 1821.
Destruction
edit
Beginning on 22 March 1839 (7th waxing of Tagu 1201 ME), earthquakes began affecting the Inwa–Amapura region. The largest earthquake struck at 05:00 on 23 March, being felt over a wide area, and many aftershocks followed for days. The entire region was left in shambles in their wake. The city was destroyed while many people and livestock perished.[15] The city was not rebuilt. King Tharrawaddy chose instead to rebuild a new palace in Amarapura, and moved the seat of his government there in February 1842.[16]
Contemporary Inwa
editThe former capital city site is a popular tourist day-trip destination from Mandalay. Tourists can still observe a few remnants of the capital, including Nanmadaw Me Nu Ok Kyaung, the Nanmyin Tower, the inner and outer brick city walls, etc.
Sights of interest
edit| Name | Picture | Built | Sponsor(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ava Bridge | 
|
1934 | The British | This 16 span cantilever bridge was the only structure to span the Irrawaddy until recently. Although now superseded by a parallel 2005 road bridge, it is still in use for railway and local road traffic. |
| Ava Palace site | 
|
1821 | King Bagyidaw | The site of the deserted Palace of Ava is now marked by a solitary masonry 27 m (89 ft) high watchtower, an example of early 19th century Burmese architecture.[17] It is all that remains of the stately Palace reared by King Bagyidaw.[17] |
| Bagaya Monastery | 
|
1770s | Maha Thiri Zeya Thinkhaya | "Monastic college" where the royals were educated |
| Htihlaing Shin Pagoda | A stupa built by King Kyansittha of Pagan Dynasty (late 11th century) | |||
| Judson Memorial | A stone that marks the site of Let Ma Yun (lit. "no pulling punches") prison where the American missionary Adoniram Judson was incarcerated during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) | |||
| Lawka Tharahpu Pagoda | 
|
|||
| Maha Aungmye Bonzan Monastery | 
|
1822 | Queen Me Nu | Popularly known as Me Nu Ok Kyaung (lit. "Me Nu's Brick Monastery"), it was built in 1818 by Nanmadaw Me Nu, the famous Chief Queen of Bagyidaw, for the residence of her religious Preceptor, the Nyaunggan Sayadaw.[17] The earthquake of 1838, damaged it, and in 1873, it was restored by Sinbyumashin, Queen of Mindon, and a daughter of Nanmadaw Me Nu.[17] The building is markedly different from traditional Burmese monasteries, which are constructed with wood, not masonry. |
| Yadana Hsimi Pagodas | _Myanmar(Burma).jpg)
|
A group of small stupas in ruins (from the 1839 earthquakes) |
Transport
editInwa is located 21 km (13 mi) south of Mandalay. It is on the way from the Mandalay International Airport to Mandalay. Cars can go up to the Myitnge river. It takes a 3-minute boat ride to cross over to the former capital site. On the Inwa side, a number of horse-drawn carts await the tourist business.
Gallery
edit-
Bagaya Monastery, the "monastic college" for the royals during the Konbaung period -
Bagaya Monastery, back -
Wooden doors at the Bagaya -
Second-level outer walls as seen across the former moat -
Outer walls -
The Ava Palace site as seen from the Nanmyin Watchtower -
Palace watchtower in 1907 -
Royal Pool for Princesses, also at the Ava Palace site -
Yadana Hsimi Pagodas -
Yadana Hsimi closeup -
Me Nu Ok Kyaung interior hallway -
Foundation pillars and chambers of Me Nu Ok Kyaung -
Old Ava Bridge
Notes
edit- ^ a b Khin Khin Aye 2007: 60
- ^ ဦးဟုတ်စိန်. "Entry for ratana". ပါဠိ မြန်မာ အဘိဓာန် (Pāḷi-Myanmar Dictionary) (in Burmese). Pali Canon E-Dictionary Version 1.94. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ ဦးဟုတ်စိန်. "Entry for pura". ပါဠိ မြန်မာ အဘိဓာန် (Pāḷi-Myanmar Dictionary) (in Burmese). Pali Canon E-Dictionary Version 1.94. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ See Hmannan Yazawin, for example.
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 396
- ^ Cooler 2003: Chapter 4, Part 1
- ^ Hla, U Kan (1978). "Traditional Town Planning in Burma". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 37 (2): 92–104. doi:10.2307/989177. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 989177.
- ^ a b c Aung-Thwin, Michael (2017). Myanmar in the fifteenth century : a tale of two kingdoms. Honolulu. pp. 53–70. ISBN 978-0824874117. OCLC 990802695.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Lieberman 2003: 134
- ^ Khin Khin Aye 2007: 61
- ^ Aung-Thwin, Michael (2017). Myanmar in the fifteenth century : a tale of two kingdoms. Honolulu. pp. 53–70. ISBN 978-0824874117. OCLC 990802695.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 137
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 223
- ^ Maung Maung Tin Vol. 1 2004: 278
- ^ Maung Maung Tin Vol. 2 2004: 394
- ^ Maung Maung Tin Vol. 3 2004: 33
- ^ a b c d Report 1907, p. 16.
References
edit- Report of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, Burma. Rangoon: Office of the Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma. 1907.
- Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1829–1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
- Cooler, Richard M. (2002). "The Post Pagan Period – 14th to 20th Centuries – Part I". Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
- Khin Khin Aye (January 2007). "Inscription record of Shwenankyawshin Narapati's Ava Palace construction". Myanmar Vista Research Magazine (in Burmese). 1 (1). Yangon.
- Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521804967.
- Maung Maung Tin, U (1905). Konbaung Hset Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon.
External links
edit
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 143.
- Inwa – a short story by Theippan Maung Wa 1931 inc. audio
- Exploring old monasteries in ancient capital Inwa Archived 2018-04-29 at the Wayback Machine