Integrated ticketing enables a journey involving transfers within or between different modes of transportation using a single ticket that is valid for the entire journey.[1] These modes include buses, trains, subways, and ferries, among others. The purpose of integrated ticketing is to promote public transport use by simplifying transitions between different modes and improving service efficiency.
In many instances, integrated ticketing is facilitated through electronic ticketing technologies such as magnetic stripe cards, smart cards or contactless smart card. Some smart card systems, such as Hong Kong’s Octopus card, are also used for payments beyond transportation, including goods and services.[2] While electronic methods are prevalent, certain public transport systems still utilize paper tickets, which permit transfers within a specified area or, in some cases, allow unlimited travel during designated periods, as seen with the Transperth FamilyRider in Australia.
Countries such as Switzerland have established national integrated ticketing systems that extend beyond transportation to include access to leisure destinations, museums, and other services.[3] Other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Sweden, have implemented similar systems within major cities and metropolitan areas.
The successful implementation of integrated ticketing requires extensive coordination and cooperation among public transport providers and technology suppliers. Political, technological, and project management challenges have contributed to significant delays in some projects. For example, the system in Sydney required a restart,[4] and in Dublin, the project faced substantial delays after its initiation in 2002, with the TFI Leap Card system launching in December 2011.[5] Similarly, the process of replacing magnetic stripe cards with smart cards in Stockholm took several years, nearing completion after a project initiated in 2002.[6]
Examples
editExamples of integrated ticketing around the world:
Asia Pacific
edit| Area | Transport Authority | System Name | Ticket Type | Operational Since | Transport Types | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adelaide | Adelaide Metro | MetroCARD | Smart card | November 2012 | Buses, trains & trams | |
| Auckland | Auckland Transport | AT HOP card | Smart card | 27 October 2012 | Buses, ferries & trains | |
| Snapper card | Smart card | 2011[7] | Buses (NZ Bus-operated services only) | To be phased out from April 2013 | ||
| Canberra | Transport Canberra | MyWay | Smart card | February 2011 | Buses, light rail | |
| Jakarta | PT Jakarta Lingko Indonesia | Jak Lingko | Smart card | December 2017 | Commuter rail, LRT, MRT, BRT, Angkot | |
| Kuala Lumpur | Land Public Transport Commission | Touch 'n Go | Smart card | 1997 | Commuter rail, LRT, MRT, Monorail, BRT, Buses, Parking, Toll fare | |
| Melbourne | Public Transport Victoria | myki | Smart card | 2009 | Buses, trains, trams & restricted regional rail services | Replaced the Metcard system in the Melbourne metro area in 2012 |
| Perth | Transperth[8] | SmartRider | Smart card | January 2007 | Buses, ferries & trains | Replaced the MultiRider magnetic stripe card system. Paper tickets are also available. SmartRider is also available for use in Bunbury, Busselton, Geraldton & Kalgoorlie[9] |
| Singapore | Land Transport Authority | EZ-Link | Smart card | 2001 | MRT (subway), bus, parking | CEPAS-compliant EZ-Link cards have replaced original EZ-Link cards in 2009 |
| South East Queensland | Translink[10] | go card | Smart card | January 2008[11] | Buses, ferries, trams & trains | |
| Sydney | Transport for NSW | Opal card | Smart card | December 2012 | Buses, ferries, light rail, trains |
Europe
edit| Area | Transport Authority | System Name | Ticket Type | Operational Since | Transport Types | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Trans Link Systems[12] | OV-chipkaart[13] | Smart card | 2002 | All public transport on the Dutch mainland (trains, metros, trams, buses, ferries, ships, etc.).[14] | The OV-chipkaart was launched in 2002[15] but only fully replaced the national strippenkaart of the 1980s for buses, trams, and metro trains in 2011,[16] and the paper ticket system for rail travel in July 2014.[17] In 2022, a new system has been gradually rolled out called OVpay, which allows travellers to also use their bank cards, smartphones and smartwatches in addition to the already existing smart card to use the public transportation system.[18] |
| Greater Dublin Area | National Transport Authority | TFI Leap Card[19] | Smart card | 2011 | Buses, trains, LUAS and the future Metro[20] | * Integrated ticketing not currently available. Journeys involving change of bus or transfer from Luas/DART/Bus are charged as separate journeys |
| Greater London | TfL[21] | Oyster card | Smart card | July 2003 | Bus, tube, trams, DLR, London Overground & most National Rail services[21] | |
| Travelcard | Paper ticket, or loaded into an Oyster card | |||||
| Greater Stockholm | SL[22] | SL-kort | Smart card | May 2022 | Buses, Metro, rail, tram, ferries | Replaced the SL Access smart card system. |
| Lombardy (Italian region) | Regione Lombardia | Io Viaggio Ovunque[23] | Paper ticket / Magnet-Electronic paper ticket (SBME) / Smart Card (Io Viaggio) | 2011 | for travel on the entire local public transport network in the region of Lombardy: urban, suburban and intercity buses, trams, subways/metro, regional trains,[24] boats (on Lake Iseo only), and more | 1 to 7 days tickets can be purchased by anyone;[25] monthly and more long[26] have different features, and require subscription that provides / enable personal smart card. |
| Northern Ireland | Translink[27] | Smartlink | Smart card | October 2009 | Bus In Belfast, Bus In Derry, Regional & Intercity Bus, Railways services[27] | |
| Paris | RATP/SNCF | Navigo pass, Mobilis/Jeunes one-day tickets | Smart card / magnetic ticket | 2006 | Subway, commuter rail (RER and Transilien), tramway, bus | |
| Switzerland | Swiss Federal Railways[28] | Swiss Pass | Magnetic stripe card | 1989[29] | Buses, trains, ships and tramways | |
| Subotica | Subotica-Trans[30] | SuBus | Smart card | 2012 | Buses |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Integrated Ticketing". Dublin Bus. 2008-02-07. Archived from the original on 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ "Octopus Products". Octopus Cards Limited. Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ Example of combined ticket for entry into thermal spas, Valais, Switzerland.http://www.carpostal.ch/en/pag-startseite/pag-kundenservice/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe/pag-wallis/pag-sparangebote-wallis.htm
- ^ "Tcard: here we go again". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "Integrated ticket chaos". The Sunday Business Post Online. 2007-11-18. Retrieved 2009-05-07.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Grahn, Albin (2008-09-01). "SL sjösatte försenat biljettsystem". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). SvD. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "Auckland Integrated Fares System (AIFS) Programme". Auckland Regional Transport Authority. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ "General Fare Information". Transperth. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ Regional town services Transperth
- ^ "go card". TransLink. Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ Phipps, Julia (2008-01-29). "TransLink GoCard finally launched". couriermail.com.au. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ ons, Over. "Over ons". www.translink.nl. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
- ^ "Personal OV-chipkaart - OV-Chipkaart.nl". www.ov-chipkaart.nl. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
- ^ "Personal OV-chipkaart - OV-Chipkaart.nl". www.ov-chipkaart.nl. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
- ^ Dekker, Vincent (2008-04-22). "OV-chip was in 1992 prachtidee". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ janvdm (2011-11-03). "Strippenkaart disappears from all buses, trams and metros". DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
- ^ Pascoe, Robin (2014-07-09). "Paper train tickets vanish". DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
- ^ Sanou, Hanneke (2023-01-26). "OV-chipkaart out? Pay for your train trip by phone or bank card". DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
- ^ "Great Leap forward as commuter card unveiled". Independent.ie. 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Dublin Metro North and Metro West, Republic of Ireland". Kable, a trading division of Kable Intelligence Limited. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
- ^ a b "What is Oyster?". Transport for London. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ "Travelling with SL". Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. Archived from the original on April 3, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ (in Italian) Io Viaggio / Io Viaggio Ovunque http://www.ioviaggio.regione.lombardia.it/
- ^ "Io Viaggio Ovunque in Lombardia" tickets are valid for journeys between places inside the region Lombardy only with the follows kind of trains: Regionale Veloce "RV", Regio Express "RE", Regionale / TiLo "R" (with some limitations about journeys starting or ending in Malpensa Airport stations, see .pdf files about "MXP" limitations scheme below linked), Suburbano "S", and partially for the Malpensa Express "MXP" special train ( usually are not allowed journeys from or to Malpensa Airport stations, never allowed with 1 to 7 days tickets; see limitations scheme - in Italian language - at http://www.trenord.it/media/1979484/avvisotrenord_2017_059_prosp_tab_mxp-mi_rl_new.pdf Archived 2020-06-05 at the Wayback Machine and http://www.trenord.it/media/1979487/avvisotrenord_2017_060_prosp_tab_bellinz-_mxp_t2_rl.pdf[permanent dead link] linked in web page http://www.trenord.it/it/circolazione-e-linee/le-linee/malpensa-express.aspx Archived 2015-01-06 at the Wayback Machine). 1 to 7 days tickets allows use of 1st and 2nd class (The 1st class is present on almost all of "RV" and "RE" trains, very rarely on "R" trains, never on "S" trains; 1st class is also present in the "MXP" trains, but remind that with "Io Viaggio 1-7 days" tickets "MXP" trains are accessible only for journeys that not start or end at Malpensa Airport Station. Note that trains can however display in their onboard indications 1st and 2nd class zones, but this not matter if the trains are programmed for "2nd class only" by the paper form timetable in force). Monthly and more long subscription allows use of 2nd class only.
- ^ "Trenord - Single Tickets - MULTI-DAY PASSES [Io Viaggio in Lombardia] (Io Viaggio Ovunque in Lombardia, I.V.O.L., IVOL)". TRENORD S.r.l. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
- ^ "Trenord - Integrated Rail Passes - IO VIAGGIO OVUNQUE IN PROVINCIA/IO VIAGGIO OVUNQUE IN LOMBARDIA". TRENORD S.r.l. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ a b "What is Oyster?".
- ^ "Swiss Travel System". Switzerland Travel Centre. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
- ^ Furlaud, Alice (1991-09-29). "TRAVEL ADVISORY; City Rides Added To Swiss Pass". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ "Subotica-Trans". Subotica Trans. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2014-07-15.