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Intermittent mandatory ventilation

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Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) refers to any mode of mechanical ventilation where a regular series of breaths are scheduled but the ventilator senses patient effort and reschedules mandatory breaths based on the calculated need of the patient. Similar to continuous mandatory ventilation in parameters set for the patients pressures and volumes but distinct in its ability to support a patient by either supporting their own effort or providing support when patient effort is not sensed. IMV is frequently paired with additional strategies to improve weaning from ventilator support or to improve cardiovascular stability in patients who may need full life support.

To help illustrate the use of the different types of ventilation, it is helpful to think of a continuum of the common ventilator settings; assist control or continuous mechanical ventilation (AC/CMV), to SIMV, to pressure support (PS). The lungs require a certain amount of oxygen to fill them, the volume, and a certain amount of force to get the oxygen into the lungs, the pressure. In assist control, one of those two variables will be controlled by the ventilator, either pressure or volume. Typically, in AC/CMV, it is volume.

In AC/CMV, the ventilator will deliver a set volume whenever the patient triggers a breath. In contrast, pressure support delivers a set pressure for every triggered breath, rather than a set volume. SIMV works in between AC and PS; it will deliver a set volume, only when the patient reaches the breath threshold, instead of just triggering a breath. If the patient does not reach the threshold, then no volume will be delivered, and the patient will be responsible for whatever volume they get into their lungs.[1]

Synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation (SIMV)

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Synchronized Intermittent Mechanical Ventilation is a variation of IMV, in which the ventilator breaths are synchronized with patient inspiratory effort.[2][3] SIMV, with and without pressure support has not been shown to have any advantages over continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) in terms of mortality[4] or weaning success,[5] and has been shown to result in longer weaning times when compared to t-piece trials or gradual reductions in pressure support.[6][7][8] Some studies have shown an increase in patient work of breathing when switched from CMV to SIMV,[9][10] and others[11] have demonstrated potential detrimental effects of SIMV on respiratory muscles and respiratory drive.

Mandatory minute ventilation (MMV)

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Mandatory minute ventilation is a mode which requires the operator to determine what the appropriate minute ventilation for the patient should be, and the ventilator then monitors the patient's ability to generate this volume every 7.5 seconds. If the calculation suggests the volume target will not be met, SIMV breaths are delivered at the targeted volume to achieve the desired minute ventilation.[12] Allows spontaneous breathing with automatic adjustments of mandatory ventilation to the meet the patient’s preset minimum minute volume requirement. If the patient maintains the minute volume settings for VT x f, no mandatory breaths are delivered. If the patient's minute volume is insufficient, mandatory delivery of the preset tidal volume will occur until the minute volume is achieved. The method for monitoring whether or not the patient is meeting the required minute ventilation (VE) is different per ventilator brand and model, but generally there is a window of time being monitored and a smaller window being checked against that larger window (i.e., in the Dräger Evita® line of mechanical ventilators there is a moving 20-second window and every 7 seconds the current tidal volume and rate are measured against to make a decision for if a mechanical breath is needed to maintain the minute ventilation). MMV is the most optimal mode for weaning in neonatal and pediatric populations and has been shown to reduce long term complications related to mechanical ventilation.[12]

Proportional assist ventilation (PAV)

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Proportional assist ventilation is a mode in which the ventilator guarantees the percentage of work regardless of changes in pulmonary compliance and resistance.[13] The ventilator varies the tidal volume and pressure based on the patients work of breathing, the amount it delivers is proportional to the percentage of assistance it is set to give.

Adaptive support ventilation (ASV)

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Adaptive Support Ventilation is a positive pressure mode of mechanical ventilation that is closed-loop controlled. In this mode, the clinician enters patient ideal body weight and desired level of ventilation in percent of predicted alveolar ventilation and the ventilator then applies inspiratory pressures at a rate which leads to minimal work of breathing. The equation used to calculate this minimal work was derived from the work of Otis et.al. [14] and published and discussed in Grodins and Yamashiro as early as 1977.[15] In the ASV mode, every breath is synchronized with patient effort if such an effort exists, and otherwise, full mechanical ventilation is provided to the patient. Since the first implementation, ASV has undergone a number of refinements and is available on different ventilator brands under different names.

The invention of ASV is claimed by two competing groups,[16] published as scientific article by one group[17] and disclosed as one of the embodiments of US Patent No. 4986268.[18] In this invention, the control algorithm computes the optimal rate of respiration to minimize the work rate of breathing. The rationale is to make the patient's breathing pattern comfortable and natural within safe limits, and thereby stimulate spontaneous breathing and reduce the weaning time.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Owens, William (2012). The Ventilator Book (1st ed.). First Draught Press (published March 5, 2012). ISBN 978-0985296506.
  2. ^ Sassoon CS, Del Rosario N, Fei R, et al. Influence of pressure- and flow-triggered synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation on inspiratory muscle work. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1933.
  3. ^ Christopher KL, Neff TA, Bowman JL, et al. Demand and continuous flow intermittent mandatory ventilation systems" Chest 1985; 87:625.
  4. ^ Ortiz, G; Frutos-Vivar, F; Ferguson, ND; Esteban, A; Raymondos, K; Apezteguía, C; Hurtado, J; González, M; Tomicic, V; Elizalde, J; Abroug, F; Arabi, Y; Pelosi, P; Anzueto, A; Ventila Group (Jun 2010). "Outcomes of patients ventilated with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with pressure support: a comparative propensity score study". Chest. 137 (6): 1265–77. doi:10.1378/chest.09-2131. PMID 20022967. Archived from the original on 2013-04-14.
  5. ^ Jounieaux, V; Duran, A; Levi-Valensi, P (Apr 1994). "Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with and without pressure support ventilation in weaning patients with COPD from mechanical ventilation". Chest. 105 (4): 1204–10. doi:10.1378/chest.105.4.1204. PMID 8162750. Archived from the original on 2013-04-14.
  6. ^ Boles, JM; Bion, J; Connors, A; Herridge, M; Marsh, B; Melot, C; Pearl, R; Silverman, H; Stanchina, M; Vieillard-Baron, A; Welte, T (May 2007). "Weaning from mechanical ventilation". The European Respiratory Journal. 29 (5): 1033–56. doi:10.1183/09031936.00010206. PMID 17470624.
  7. ^ Brochard, L; L Brochard; A Rauss; S Benito; G Conti; J Mancebo; N Rekik; A Gasparetto; F Lemaire (1 October 1994). "Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 150 (4): 896–903. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921460. PMID 7921460.
  8. ^ Esteban, A; Frutos, F; Tobin, MJ; Alía, I; Solsona, JF; Valverdú, I; Fernández, R; de la Cal, MA; Benito, S; Tomás, R (Feb 9, 1995). "A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 332 (6): 345–50. doi:10.1056/NEJM199502093320601. PMID 7823995.
  9. ^ Marini, JJ; Smith, TC; Lamb, VJ (Nov 1988). "External work output and force generation during synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation. Effect of machine assistance on breathing effort". The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 138 (5): 1169–79. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/138.5.1169. PMID 3202477.
  10. ^ Imsand, C; Feihl, F; Perret, C; Fitting, JW (Jan 1994). "Regulation of inspiratory neuromuscular output during synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation". Anesthesiology. 80 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1097/00000542-199401000-00006. PMID 8291702. S2CID 19312777.
  11. ^ Leung, P; Jubran, A; Tobin, MJ (Jun 1997). "Comparison of assisted ventilator modes on triggering, patient effort, and dyspnea". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 155 (6): 1940–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196100. PMID 9196100.
  12. ^ a b Scott O. Guthrie; Chris Lynn; Bonnie J. Lafleur; Steven M. Donn; William F. Walsh (October 2005). "A crossover analysis of mandatory minute ventilation compared to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates". Journal of Perinatology. 25 (10): 643–646. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211371. PMID 16079905.
  13. ^ Younes M. Proportional assist ventilation, a new approach to ventilatory support. Theory. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145(1):114-120.
  14. ^ Otis, AB; Fenn, OW; Rahn, H (1950). "Mechanics of breathing in man". J Appl Physiol. 2 (11): 592–607. doi:10.1152/jappl.1950.2.11.592. PMID 15436363.
  15. ^ Grodins, FS; Yamashiro, SM (1977). West, John B (ed.). Control of Ventilation. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. pp. 546ff. ISBN 0-8247-6378-5.
  16. ^ Brunner, JX; Iotti, GA (2008). "Computerized system for mechanical ventilation". J Clin Monit Comput. 22 (5): 385–386. doi:10.1007/s10877-008-9138-8. PMID 18766445.
  17. ^ Laubscher, TP; Heinrichs, W; Weiler, N; Hartmann, G; Brunner, JX (1994). "An adaptive lung ventilation controller". IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 41 (1): 51–59. doi:10.1109/10.277271. PMID 8200668. S2CID 10907949.
  18. ^ Tehrani, Fleur T., "Method and Apparatus for Controlling an Artificial Respirator" US Patent No. 4986268, issued Jan. 22, 1991.
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