Wikipedia

Tom McCarthy (novelist)

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For other people named Tom McCarthy, see Thomas McCarthy.

Tom McCarthy (born 1969) is an English writer and artist. In the wake of Brexit, he gained Swedish citizenship. His debut novel, Remainder, was published in 2005. McCarthy has twice been shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize and was awarded the inaugural Windham-Campbell Literature Prize by Yale University in 2013. He won a Believer Book Award for Remainder in 2008.

Tom McCarthy
McCarthy (left) with Fabian Tompsett, 2014
McCarthy (left) with Fabian Tompsett, 2014
Born1969 (age 54–55)
London, England
Occupation
  • Novelist
  • writer
  • artist
NationalityBritish/Swedish
Period2001–present
Notable works
Website
vargas.org.uk/publications/ins/index.html

He has also written a critical study of Tintin called Tintin and the Secret of Literature, and published an essay collection, Typewriters, Bombs, and Jellyfish, in 2017. His most recent novel, The Making of Incarnation, was published in 2021.

Life and work

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Tom McCarthy was born in London in 1969 and lives in Berlin.[1] His father, Sir Callum McCarthy, worked in the financial sector. He was a civil servant, first in the Department of Trade and Industry, and then (his last decade of work) as a financial regulator. Tom McCarthy grew up in Greenwich, and was educated at Dulwich College from 1978 to 1986 and later New College, Oxford, where he studied English literature. He lived in Prague, where he worked as a nude model and in an American bar; Berlin, where he worked in an Irish pub; and Amsterdam, where he worked in a restaurant kitchen and reviewed books for the local edition of Time Out magazine[2] in the early 90s, before moving back to London. McCarthy's time in Prague forms the basis for his novel Men in Space.[3] McCarthy has also worked as a television script editor, and co-edited Mute magazine. Since 2022, McCarthy held the post of Miller Scholar at the Santa Fe Institute, alongside Ted Chiang and Andrea Wulf.[4] Prior to moving to Berlin, he lived and wrote in a tower block flat on the Golden Lane Estate beside the Barbican.[3]

Writing and publishing

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McCarthy's debut novel Remainder was written in 2001[5] and rejected by all the UK publishers to which it was submitted. It was published in November 2005 by the small Paris-based art publisher Metronome Press and distributed through gallery and museum shops, but not in chain bookstores[3] and then received widespread critical attention in the literary and mainstream press, with one of its first reviews, in December 2005, on ReadySteadyBook who called it "one of the most important novels written in a long, long time." The London Review of Books called it "a very good novel indeed" and The Independent claimed that "its minatory brilliance calls for classic status".[6] The novel was re-published by the independent publisher Alma Books in the UK (2006), and the Bertelsmann subsidiary Vintage in the US (2007), where it ranked as an Amazon top one-hundred seller and entered the Los Angeles Times Bestseller list.[citation needed] On its American publication the New York Times dedicated the front cover of its book section to the novel, calling the book "a work of novelistic philosophy, as disturbing as it is funny".[7] In 2008 Remainder won the fourth annual Believer Book Award.[8] Zadie Smith wrote in the New York Review of Books that it was "one of the great English novels of the last ten years", suggesting it showed a future path that the novel "might, with difficulty, follow".[9] It has since been translated into fourteen languages, and a film adaptation directed by Omer Fast was released in 2015.[10][11][12] Several big publishing houses who had rejected the novel returned to him with enthusiastic offers, which McCarthy rejected, commenting that "it's the same book as it was two years ago."[3]

A work of literary criticism by McCarthy, Tintin and the Secret of Literature, was released by Granta Books in June 2006, with French (Hachette Littératures), Spanish (El Tercer Nombre), Italian (Piemme) and American editions (Counterpoint) following in 2007-8.[13] The book attempted a reading of Hergé's The Adventures of Tintin books through the prism of structuralist and post-structuralist literary theory. It divided reviewers, with some critics disliking the book's references to Jacques Derrida and Roland Barthes. Killian Fox in The Observer praised "its author's obsessive approach, his breathtaking grasp of the oeuvre and the sheer exuberance with which he tackles his subject".[14] However, in The Guardian, Kathryn Hughes criticised its methodology and style: "McCarthy's text has that pleased-with-itself smirk that was so characteristic of the early 90s, when journalists started purloining critical theory from the academy, liking the way it made them feel clever".[15] McCarthy commented: "Granta asked if I wanted to write a book on Freud or Derrida or someone like that, and I said: 'Well, if I write about Hergé I can write about Freud, Derrida and whole bunch of other people, plus it'll be much more fun.' It was received well for the most part. There were one or two hilarious English reviews in which you could virtually see the reviewer's veins bursting with little-England rage at the book's continental bent."[16]

In 2007, Alma Books published his second novel, Men in Space, much of which was written prior to Remainder. It has since been published in many languages including Greek and French.[17] McCarthy has also published numerous stories, essays and articles on literature, philosophy and art in publications including The Observer, The Times Literary Supplement, London Review of Books, Artforum, and The New York Times., as well as in anthologies such as London from Punk to Blair (Reaktion Books), Theology and the Political (Duke University Press), The Milgram Reenactment (Jan van Eyck Press) and The Empty Page: Fiction Inspired by Sonic Youth (Serpent's Tail).

In 2004 he published an essay on excrement in the work of James Joyce in the online literary journal Hypermedia Joyce Studies. In 2008 an essay by McCarthy on Alain Robbe-Grillet, an author he has often expressed admiration for, was published in the new Oneworld Classics English edition of Robbe-Grillet's Jealousy.[18] In February 2015 McCarthy published a new novel titled Satin Island which was shortlisted for that year's Man Booker Prize; when he began it, he said, "It's going to have a leitmotif of a parachutist falling to earth, having realised that his parachute has been sabotaged: his relation to the landscape, death, technology."[19]

McCarthy’s fifth novel, The Making of Incarnation, appeared in 2023 and was described as ‘implacable and intermittently tedious’ by Steven Poole in The Guardian.[20]

Art

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Since 1999 McCarthy has been 'general secretary' of a 'semi-fictitious organisation' he co-founded with his friend[21] the philosopher Simon Critchley[22] called the International Necronautical Society (INS) "devoted to mind-bending projects that would do for death what the Surrealists had done for sex".[3][23] Having failed to interest publishers in his novels in 2001-2, he made art projects under the INS name.[24][25] McCarthy handed out his International Necronautical Society or INS manifestos at a mock art fair organised by artist Gavin Turk.[25] The INS operates through publications, live events, media interventions and more conventional art exhibitions.

In a 2007 interview with the website Bookninja, McCarthy explained the circumstances that led to the formation of the INS: "I was quite well integrated into the art world in London by the late nineties, and on top of that I'd for some time had an interest in the modes and procedures of early twentieth-century avant-gardes like the Futurists and Surrealists: their semi-corporate, semi-political structures of committees and subcommittees, their use of manifestos, proclamations and denunciations".[26]

Despite his initial claim that the INS was "not an art project",[27] McCarthy has accepted invitations to show work in his capacity as INS general secretary at art institutions around the world, including Tate Britain and the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, Moderna Museet (Stockholm), the Drawing Center (New York), KW Institute Berlin, Hartware MedienKunstVerein Dortmund, and Substation Gallery Singapore.[3]

The INS has been described by Art Monthly as "a group of wayward literati and sweet-talking parodists",[28] and as "obscure" by The Australian.[29] In 2003 the INS hacked the BBC website and inserted propaganda into its source code.[citation needed] The following year, they set up a broadcasting unit at the Institute of Contemporary Arts from which more than forty assistants generated non-stop "poem-codes" which were transmitted over FM radio in London and by internet to collaborating radio stations around the world.[30] In 2008 a more mechanical version of this piece was displayed at Stockholm's Moderna Museet, in which an aeroplane Black Box transmitter sent out a stream of similar messages.[31]

In 2007, after McCarthy and INS Chief Philosopher Simon Critchley had delivered the "INS Declaration on Inauthenticity" at New York's Drawing Center, the critic Peter Schwenger alleged in Triple Canopy that the two men who appeared in the gallery were not in fact Critchley and McCarthy.[32] Taking his claim as an inspiration, McCarthy and Critchley did indeed replace themselves with actors when delivering the Declaration one year later at Tate Britain.[33] When invited to deliver the Declaration a third time at the 2009 Athens Biennial, they announced that the Declaration would henceforth be outsourced to any institution who wanted it, and commissioned a Greek translation, which was subsequently delivered by Greek actors in Athens.[34]

McCarthy has made independent artworks. In 2005 he exhibited, at The Western Front Gallery, Vancouver, the multimedia installation piece 'Greenwich Degree Zero', produced in collaboration with artist Rod Dickinson, which (in a tribute to Joseph Conrad's 1907 novel The Secret Agent), depicted the Greenwich Observatory burning the ground. The piece was subsequently purchased by the Arts Council England's permanent collection.[35]

In 2006 he collaborated with French artist Loris Gréaud to produce an 'Ontic Helpline' for a fictitious 'Thanatalogical Corporation' – a black telephone that transfers callers through an endless loop of pre-recorded messages. The telephone was displayed in the FiAC collection in Paris, and purchased by gallerists/collectors Solene Guillier and Nathalie Boutin. McCarthy wrote the script for Johan Grimonprez's feature film Double Take (2009). The script consists of a short story, loosely based on Borges's '25 August 1983', in which Hitchcock meets his double on the set of one of his films.[36] The film won the Black Pearl award (MEIFF, Abu Dhabi) in 2009. McCarthy has also tutored and lectured at various institutions including the Architectural Association, Central Saint Martins School of Art, the Royal College of Art, London Consortium and Columbia University.

Novels

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Remainder

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The first novel, Remainder (2005), tells the story of an unnamed hero traumatised by an accident which "involved something falling from the sky". Eight and a half million pounds richer due to a compensation settlement but hopelessly estranged from the world around him, Remainder's protagonist spends his time and money obsessively reconstructing and re-enacting vaguely remembered scenes and situations from his past, such as a large building with piano music in the distance, the familiar smells and sounds of liver frying and spluttering, or lethargic cats lounging on roofs until they tumble off them. These re-enactments are driven by a need to inhabit the world "authentically" rather than in the "second-hand" manner that his traumatic situation has bequeathed him. When the recreation of mundane events fails to quench this thirst for authenticity, he starts re-enacting more and more violent events.

Men in Space

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Set in a Central Europe rapidly fragmenting after the fall of Communism, Men in Space follows a cast of dissolute Bohemians, political refugees, football referees, deaf police agents, assassins and stranded astronauts as they chase a stolen icon painting from Sofia to Prague and beyond. The icon's melancholy orbit is reflected in the various characters' ellipses and near-misses as they career vertiginously through all kinds of space, be it physical, political, emotional or metaphysical. McCarthy uses these settings to present a vision of humanity adrift in history, and a world in a state of disintegration.

Stephen J. Burn sees Men in Space, David Mitchell's number9dream and Andrew Crumey's Pfitz as examples of a subgenre Burn calls "multiple drafts" novels, taking its name from Daniel Dennett's model of consciousness.[37]

C

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Opening in England at the turn of the twentieth century, C is the story of a boy named Serge Carrefax, whose father spends his time experimenting with wireless communication while running a school for deaf children. Serge grows up amid the noise and silence with his brilliant but troubled older sister, Sophie: an intense sibling relationship that stays with him as he heads off into an equally troubled larger world. After a fling with a nurse at a Bohemian spa, Serge serves in World War I as a radio operator for reconnaissance planes. When his plane is shot down, Serge is taken to a German prison camp, from which he escapes. Back in London, he's recruited for a mission to Cairo on behalf of the shadowy Empire Wireless Chain.

McCarthy's novel C was released in late 2010, in the US with Knopf, and in the UK with Jonathan Cape. It divided critics.[38] McCarthy has described this novel in previous interviews as dealing with technology and mourning. The book was shortlisted for the 2010 Man Booker Prize.[39][40] In response Tom LeClair described him as a "young and British Thomas Pynchon."[41] It was also shortlisted for the Walter Scott Prize.[42]

It has been described as "unquestionably brilliant, usefully denting the model of the psychological realism that is the dominant mode of our conservative times by its unique, disorientating glance at modernism" by Neel Mukherjee of The Times and "an avant-garde epic, the first I can think of since Joyce's Ulysses" by Jonathan Dee of Harper's Magazine.[43]

Leo Robson in the New Statesman review describes the book as "full of familiar delights and familiar tedium", with "Protracted descriptions of a pageant and a seance [that] drain the reader's will to live." It continues "After a certain point, most sentences go something like this (not a parody): "Everything seems connected: disparate locations twitch and burst into activity like limbs reacting to impulses sent from elsewhere in the body, booms and jibs obeying levers at the far end of a complex set of ropes and cogs and relays.""[5]

Satin Island

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Satin Island concerns a protagonist, "U.", who works for "the Company" as an anthropologist. The novel was published in 2015 and was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize[44] and the Goldsmiths Prize.[45]

The Making of Incarnation

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The Making of Incarnation involves a search for a fictional missing item—Box 808—from the archive of Lillian Gilbreth.[46] The novel was published in 2021.

Literary themes

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In a 2007 interview, McCarthy claimed one of the main themes pervading his work to be that of repetition and duplication.[26][dead link‍] The repetition in Remainder takes the form of re-enactments of events carried out by the wealthy post-traumatic hero in a process that some critics (such as Joyce Carol Oates in The New York Review of Books[47]) have seen as allegory for art itself.[48] In Men in Space it takes the form of duplication of an artwork, and a set of patterns repeating over several centuries. In McCarthy's art projects it has taken the form of repeating sets of messages over radio in a homage to Jean Cocteau's Orphée.[28][49] Boyd Tonkin, in his Independent profile on McCarthy, picks up on the notion that literature itself is a series of repetitions and duplications.[50]

At least one critic has connected McCarthy's work to "failed transcendence",[51] and McCarthy has used the term failed transcendence in interviews[52][53] to describe the collapse of the idealist project in philosophy, art and literature. Failed transcendence forms a central tenet of 'The New York Declaration on Inauthenticity', an INS talk delivered in the style of a propaganda statement by McCarthy and the philosopher Simon Critchley in 2007 in the Drawing Center, New York.[32] In a discussion with the artist Margarita Gluzberg, held in 2001 in London's Austrian Cultural Forum, McCarthy cites Georges Bataille's description of matter as "that non-logical difference that represents in relation to the economy of the universe what crime represents in relation to the economy of the law".[54]

In a lecture delivered to the International James Joyce Symposium in 2004 in Dublin, McCarthy again cites Bataille, drawing on his notion of "base materialism" to throw light on the scatological sensibility displayed in Joyce's novels.[55] The detective in Men in Space is a radio surveillance operative who starts out boasting he "can always get a strong signal", but ends up losing the signal and then becoming deaf, cut off from all communication. In one interview, McCarthy discussed this character's similarity to Francis Ford Coppola's Harry Caul in The Conversation (1974).[56]

McCarthy created an art project around Cocteau's Orphée, at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London in 2004, which consisted of forty assistants cutting up text, projecting it onto the walls and then re-assembling it into cryptic messages which were transmitted around London and the world by radio and internet. This project was indebted to William S. Burroughs's notions of viral media[57] and to Nicolas Abraham and Mária Török's notions of the "crypt", a space both of burial and encryption. The art-piece Black Box, originally displayed in Moderna Museet, Stockholm, in 2008, also involved constant radio transmissions. McCarthy has insisted that radio technology can be regarded as a metaphor for writing, comparing T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land to a radio programme.[58]

Awards and honours

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Bibliography

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Experimental fiction

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  • —— (2002). Navigation Was Always a Difficult Art. London: Vargas Organization. ISBN 9780952027454.
  • —— (2003). Calling All Agents. London: Vargas Organization. ISBN 9780952027485.

Novels

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Non-fiction

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Notes

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^α Written with:
  • Sam Durant
  • Omer Fast
  • Till Gathmann
  • Susan Ploetz
  • Eva Stenram

References

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  1. ^ "Tom McCarthy | Penguin Random House". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Tom McCarthy". The Days of Yore. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Tom McCarthy: How he became one of the brightest new prospects in British fiction" The Independent" 21 September 2007
  4. ^ "Tom McCarthy | Santa Fe Institute".
  5. ^ a b Robson, Leo (13 August 2010). "C". Newstatesman.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  6. ^ the complete review – all rights reserved. "Remainder – Tom McCarthy". Complete-review.com. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  7. ^ Schillinger, Liesl (25 February 2007). "Play It Again". The New York Times.
  8. ^ "The Believer – The Believer Book Award". Believermag.com. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  9. ^ Smith, Zadie (20 November 2008). "Two Paths for the Novel". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  10. ^ "Frieze Magazine | Archive | Novel Idea". Frieze.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  11. ^ "Remainder (2015)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  12. ^ Editions have been published, or are scheduled to be published, in Chinese (Shanghai Translation Publishing House and Ten Points Publishing House), Croatian (Oceanmore), Dutch (Prometheus), French (Hachette Littératures and J’ai Lu), German (Diaphanes), Greek (Papyros Publishing Group), Hebrew (Achuzat Bayit), Italian (ISBN Edizioni), Japanese (Shinchosha Publishing Company), Korean (Minumsa), Portuguese (Editorial Estampa), Russian (Ad Marginem), Spanish (Lengua de Trapo) and Turkish (Encore Yayınları).
  13. ^ Tom McCarthy, Tintin e il segreto della letteratura (Milan: Piemme, 2007). ISBN 978-88-384-8668-5; Tintin et le secret de la littérature (Paris: Hachette Littératures, 2006). ISBN 978-2-01-237258-0; Tintín y el secreto de la literatura (Madrid: El Tercer Nombre, 2007). ISBN 978-84-96693-11-1
  14. ^ Killian Fox (16 July 2006). "Observer review: Tintin and the Secret of Literature by Tom McCarthy | Books | The Observer". London: Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  15. ^ Kathryn Hughes (14 July 2006). "Review: Tintin and the Secret of Literature by Tom McCarthy | Books". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  16. ^ "The view from here literary magazine: Mike Interviews: Tom McCarthy Part 1 of 3". Viewfromheremagazine.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  17. ^ Tom McCarthy, Men in space (Ανθρωποι στο διαστημα) (Athens: Papyros, 2008). ISBN 978-960-6715-60-0; Les Cosmonautes au paradis (Paris: Hachette Littératures, 2009). ISBN 978-2-01-237406-5
  18. ^ "Tom McCarthy's top 10 European modernists | Books | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  19. ^ Johncock, Ben (24 November 2011). "Tom McCarthy: My desktop". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  20. ^ "The Making of Incarnation by Tom McCarthy review – tech-industrial sublime | Tom McCarthy | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  21. ^ "Simon Critchley". Biblioklept. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  22. ^ "Man Booker Prize: the shortlist". The Daily Telegraph. London. 12 October 2010.
  23. ^ "Lost in the orbits of spies and mobsters". London: Telegraph. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  24. ^ Interview with Tom McCarthy (31 October 2014). "Interview with Tom McCarthy". The White Review. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  25. ^ a b Anne Sherwood Pundyk (13 July 2009). "Tom McCarthy « Interview « ReadySteadyBook - for literature". Readysteadybook.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  26. ^ a b "In The Magazine". Bookninja. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  27. ^ "An Index to the work of Tom McCarthy". Surplus Matter. 1 February 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  28. ^ a b "The Necronautical Society – INS in the Press". Necronauts.org. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  29. ^ Jones, Alistair (14 October 2006). "Tintin and the Secret of Literature". The Australian.
  30. ^ "Overture Publishing". Alma Books. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  31. ^ mikejfrench (30 May 2008). "Tom McCarthy om Black Box". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  32. ^ a b "The State of Inauthenticity – Triple Canopy". Canopycanopycanopy.com. 25 September 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  33. ^ "Tate Channel: Tate Triennial 2009 Prologue 4: Borders". Tate. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  34. ^ "2nd Athens Biennale 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  35. ^ "Greenwich Degree Zero, 2005-6". Arts Council. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  36. ^ "Double Take (2009)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  37. ^ Stephen J. Burn. Reading the Multiple Drafts Novel. MFS Modern Fiction Studies. Johns Hopkins University Press. Volume 58, Number 3, Fall 2012 pp. 436-458
  38. ^ Adams, Stephen (27 July 2010). "Peter Carey could be three-time Booker winner". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  39. ^ "An Index to the work of Tom McCarthy". Surplus Matter. 14 October 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  40. ^ "Vintage / Anchor " Knopf Doubleday – Vintage / Anchor". Randomhouse.com. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  41. ^ Burn, Stephen (24 February 2012). "'Men in Space,' Tom McCarthy's Complex Novel". The New York Times.
  42. ^ "Walter Scott historical fiction shortlist announced". BBC News. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  43. ^ "C - Tom McCarthy". Complete-review.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  44. ^ "Pulitzer winner makes Booker Prize shortlist". BBC News. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  45. ^ Morgan, Tom (1 October 2015). "Goldsmiths Prize shortlist 2015". Goldsmiths. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  46. ^ Myerson, Jonathan (12 September 2021). "The Making of Incarnation by Tom McCarthy review – all work and no play". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  47. ^ Oates, Joyce Carol (19 July 2007). "Lest We Forget". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  48. ^ "short term memory loss ... a blog about books ...: About the accident itself I can say very little". Shorttermmemoryloss.com. 14 November 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  49. ^ "The Necronautical Society - INS Events". Necronauts.org. 13 April 2004. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  50. ^ "Tom McCarthy: How he became one of the brightest new prospects in British fiction – Features, Books". The Independent. London. 21 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 July 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  51. ^ Lee Rourke (8 September 2007). "Review: Men in Space by Tom McCarthy | Books | The Observer". London: Books.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  52. ^ "Jonathan Derbyshire: Men in Space". Jonathanderbyshire.typepad.com. 11 September 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  53. ^ "Tom McCarthy, Part Two (BSS #155) : The Bat Segundo Show". Edrants.com. 30 November 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  54. ^ "The Necronautical Society – INS interviews". Necronauts.org. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  55. ^ Louis Armand. "Hypermedia Joyce Studies: Darren Tofts". Oocities.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  56. ^ "Blog | Raincoast Books". Blogs.raincoast.com. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  57. ^ Times 23 June 2007 "Publishing? It's an art form"
  58. ^ Tom Vandeputte. "Radio, Archaeology, Literature: Tom Vandeputte in Conversation with Tom McCarthy". Perhaps (Perhaps). Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  59. ^ "The Believer - The Believer Book Award". Believermag.com. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  60. ^ Dorie Baker (4 March 2013). "Yale awards $1.35 million to nine writers". YaleNews. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  61. ^ "Tom McCarthy - Literature".
  62. ^ "The Making of Incarnation". Publishers Weekly. n.d.
  63. ^ Online version is titled "The best, if worst-paid, job I ever had".
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