Telecommunications in Albania include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
History
editUntil 1990, Albania was extremely isolated and controlled, and installation and maintenance of a modern system of international and domestic telecommunications was precluded.[1][2] Callers previously needed operator assistance even to make domestic long-distance calls.[1]
As of 1992, Albania's telephone density was the lowest in Europe, at 1.4 units for every 100 inhabitants.[1] Tirana accounted for about 13,000 of the country's 42,000 direct lines; Durrës, the main port city, ranked second with 2,000 lines; the rest were concentrated in Shkodër, Elbasan, Vlorë, Gjirokastër, and other towns.[1] At one time, each village had a telephone but during the land redistribution of the early 1990s peasants knocked out service to about 1,000 villages by removing telephone wire for fencing.[1] As of 1992, most of Albania's telephones were obsolete, low-quality East European models, some dating from the 1940s; workers at a Tirana factory assembled a small number of telephones from Italian parts.[1]
In the early 1990s, Albania had 240 microwave circuits carrying international calls to Italy and 180 to Greece.[1] The Albanian telephone company had also installed two U-20 Italtel digital exchanges.[1] The exchange in Tirana handled international, national, and local calls; the Durrës exchange handled only local calls.[1] Two United States firms handled direct-dial calls from the United States to Tirana.[1]
At present[when?] the land lines are overloaded, and it is difficult to receive a telephone number. As a result, the number of mobile phones has skyrocketed in the bigger cities.[3]
Radio and television
edit- Radio stations:
- 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010);[4]
- FM 56 (3 national, 53 local), shortwave 1 (2008).
- Radios: 1 million (2001).[needs update]
- Television stations:
- 3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available (2010);[4]
- 76 (3 national, 73 local); note - 3 cable networks (2008).
- Television sets: 1 million (2008).[needs update]
The state broadcaster in Albania, Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSh, Albanian Radio and TV), operates national radio and television networks. It has competition from scores of privately owned stations.[5] According to a 2002 survey the broadcaster with the largest audience is TV Klan.[needs update]
Television is the most influential medium. Many Albanians watch Italian and Greek stations via terrestrial reception.[5]
The BBC World Service (103.9 MHz in the capital, Tirana), Deutsche Welle, Radio France Internationale, and the Voice of America are available.[5]
Telephones
edit- Calling code: +355[4]
- International call prefixes: 069,068,067[6]
- Main lines:
- 197,690 (2021)
- Mobile cellular:
- 2,635,466 (2021)
- Telephone system: Albania’s small telecom market has experienced some significant changes in recent years; upgrades were made to the fixed-line infrastructure to support broadband services; fixed-line telephony use and penetration in Albania is declining steadily as subscribers migrate to mobile solutions; the mobile sector is well provided with LTE networks, while operators have invested in 5G; some of these efforts have been made in conjunction with neighboring Kosovo, with the intention of a seamless 5G corridor along the highway connecting the two countries; the country has long sought accession to the European Union (EU) which has benefited its telecoms sector through closer scrutiny of its regulatory regime and through the injection of funding to help modernize infrastructure (2021) [4]
- Satellite earth stations: unknown.[needs update][clarification needed]
- Communications cables: Submarine cables provide connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine and land fiber-optic system between Albania and Italy, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, North Macedonia, and Turkey (2011).[4] Two other cable systems serving Albania are the ADRIA-1 (Croatia, Albania, Greece) and the Italy-Albania.[7]
Internet
edit- Top-level domain: .al[4]
- Internet users:
- Fixed broadband: 148,882 subscriptions, 91st in the world; 5.0% of population, 103rd in the world (2012).[8][10]
- Wireless broadband: 552,676 subscriptions, 90th in the world; 18.4% of the population, 74th in the world (2012).[11]
- Internet hosts: 15,528 hosts, 124th in the world (2012).[4]
- IPv4: 323,840 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 3.4 addresses per 1000 people (2012).[12][13]
- Internet service providers: 10 ISPs (2001). (2 with national coverage and 8 providers with domestic coverage)
Providers with national coverage:
Defunct providers:
- ALBtelecom
- Plus
- AMC (part of Cosmote)
Internet broadband services were initiated in 2005, but growth has been slow. Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital.[4]
Eutelsat satellite broadband is being used to provide free public Internet access in rural Albanian post offices, schools, and local government offices.[14][15]
Internet censorship and surveillance
editThere are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without appropriate legal authority. The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. However, there are reports that the government and businesses influence and pressure the media. The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2014 edition.)- This article incorporates public domain material from publications of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Sudetic, Charles (1994). "Telecommunications". In Zickel, Raymond E.; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). Albania: a country study (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 155. ISBN 0-8444-0792-5. OCLC 29360048.
- ^ Howe, Marvin (10 December 1989). "A Glimpse into Albania". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ "Për mediat audiovizive në Republikën e Shqipërisë" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Communications: Albania", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 15 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ a b c "Albania profile: Media", BBC News, 20 December 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010)), Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- ^ "Greg's Cable Map", Greg Mahlknecht, 19 December 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ a b Calculated using penetration rate and population data from "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013
- ^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012", International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
- ^ "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" Archived 2019-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
- ^ "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" Archived 2019-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
- ^ Select Formats Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
- ^ Population Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Eutelsat satellite broadband selected for free public internet access in Albania", Press release (PR/61/12), Tring Communications, 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ "Eutelsat Wins Significant Government Broadband Contract in Albania", Jeffrey Hill, Via Satellite integrating Satellite Today, 3 October 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ "Albania", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 18 April 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
External links
edit- Authority of Electronic and Postal Communications (AKEP), (in Albanian)
- Projekt Strategjia e Republikës së Shqipërisë për kalimin nga transmetimet analoge në ato numerike[permanent dead link] (in Albanian) ("Draft Strategy of the Republic of Albania for the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting"), Këshilli Kombëtar i Radios dhe Televizionit (KKRT) (National Council of Radio and Television). English translation.
- "Albania enhances telecom sale with mobile license". Intelecon Research & Consultancy. July 4, 2003. Archived from the original on August 23, 2004.