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Automeris io

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Automeris io, the Io moth (EYE-oh) or peacock moth, is a colorful North American moth in the family Saturniidae.[5][6] The Io moth is also a member of the subfamily Hemileucinae.[7] The name Io comes from Greek mythology in which Io was a mortal lover of Zeus.[8] The Io moth ranges from the southeast corner of Manitoba and in the southern extremes of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada, and in the US it is found from Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, east of those states and down to the southern end of Florida.[9] The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775.

Io moth
Female (top) and male (below)
Female (top) and male (below)

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Saturniidae
Genus: Automeris
Species:
A. io
Binomial name
Automeris io
(Fabricius, 1775)[2]
Subspecies[3]
  • Automeris io io (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Automeris io neomexicana Barnes & Benjamin, 1923
Synonyms[4]
  • Bombyx io Fabricius, 1775
  • Phalaena io (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Hyperchiria io (Fabricius, 1775)
  • Hyperchiria lilith Strecker, 1872

Adult description

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Adult male Io moth

Imagines (sexually mature, reproductive stage) have a wingspan of 2.5–3.5 inches (63–88 mm).[7][9] This species is sexually dimorphic: males have bright yellow forewings, body, and legs, while females have reddish-brown to purple forewings, body, and legs.[4][10] The males also have much bigger plumose (feathery) antennae than the females.[4] Both males and females have one big black to bluish eyespot with some white in the center, on each hindwing.[10][11][12] Some hybridizations have resulted in variations in these hindwing eyespots.[11][12] Adults live 1–2 weeks.

 
Eyespots on a female moth

Parasitoids

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Many species of flies (Tachinidae) and wasps (Ichneumonidae and Braconidae) are known parasitoids.[4] The flies include the introduced Compsilura concinnata, Lespesia sabroskyi, Chetogena claripennis, Carcelia formosa, Sisyropa eudryae, Lespesia frenchii, and Nilea dimmocki.[13] The wasps include the Ichneumonidae species Hyposoter fugitivus and Enicospilus americanus,[4] and the Braconidae species Cotesia electrae and Cotesia hemileucae.[4]

Predators

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Io moths have many predators. These include birds, small mammals, and spiders.[4][10]

Defenses

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Stinging spines of caterpillar Io moths have a very painful venom that is released with the slightest touch. There are two hypotheses regarding where this venom originates: (1) the glandular cells on the base of the branched seta or (2) from the secretory epithelial cells.[14] Contacting the seta is not life-threatening for humans, but still causes irritation to the dermal tissue, resulting in an acute dermatitis called erucism.[15][16] Both male and female adult io moths utilize their hindwing eyespots in predatory defense when the moth is sitting in the head-down position or is touched, via shaking and exposing these eyespots.[11][12][10]

Life cycle

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Females lay small, white ova in the leaves of host plants, including:

 
First instar on Quercus virginiana
 
Final instar Io moth caterpillar

The eggs have large micropyle rosettes that turn black as the fertile eggs develop. They are usually laid in clusters of more than twenty and hatch within 8–11 days.[4][10] From the eggs, orange larvae emerge, usually eating their egg shell soon after hatching.[4] They go through five instars, each one being a little different.

 
Female Io moth after laying eggs

The caterpillars are herbivorous and gregarious in all their instars, and may be seen traveling in single-file processions over the food plant.[10][19][7] As the larvae develop, they will lose their orange color and will turn bright green and urticating, having many spines. The green caterpillars have two lateral stripes, the upper one being bright red and the lower one being white. These caterpillars can reach sizes of 7 cm in length.[20] When the caterpillars are ready, they spin a flimsy, valveless cocoon made from a dark, coarse silk. Some larvae will crawl to the base of the tree and make their cocoons among leaf litter on the ground, while others will use living leaves to wrap their cocoons with.[4][7] The leaves will turn brown and fall to the ground during fall, taking the cocoons with them.[4][7] There they pupate, the pupa being dark brown/black.[4] The pupae also have sexual dimorphism with the females' possessing a notch on their posterior ventral aspect, while the males' pupae bear a pair of tubercles near that area with no notch.[4]

 
Automeris io caterpillars on reed

Adult Io moths normally emerge from their cocoons in late morning or early afternoon. The emergence of the adults moths is typically from June to July.[21] Eclosion (emergence from the cocoon) only takes a few minutes.[19] After eclosing, the moths climb and hang on plants so that their furled wings can be inflated with fluid (hemolymph) pumped from the body. This inflation process takes about twenty minutes. Adult moths are strictly nocturnal, generally flying during the peak hours of the night.[21] The females generally wait until nightfall and then extend a scent gland from the posterior region of the abdomen, in order to attract males via wind-borne pheromones.[4] The males use their larger antennae to detect the pheromones. After mating, the females die following egg laying. These moths have vestigial mouthparts and do not eat in the adult stage.[8][10]

Conservation status

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The Io moth has not been evaluated for listing on the IUCN Red List and has no special status on the U.S. Federal List.[19] In the eastern range of the US, the populations indicate a declining and more localized trend.[22][19]   

 
Automeris io by Titian Peale, 1833

See also

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References

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  1. ^ NatureServe (May 5, 2023). "Automeris io". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  2. ^ Fabricius, Johan Christian (1775). Systema entomologiae: sistens insectorvm classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibvs, observationibvs (PDF) (in Latin). Flensbvrgi et Lipsiae: In Officina Libraria Kortii. p. 560. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.36510. OCLC 559265566. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  3. ^ "Automeris io (Fabricius, 1775)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hall, Donald W. (November 2014). "Featured Creatures: Io moth". Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  5. ^ "Species Automeris io - Io Moth - Hodges#7746". bugguide.net. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  6. ^ Triant, Deborah A (2016). "Genome assembly and annotation of the io moth,Automeris io (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)". 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America. doi:10.1603/ice.2016.114514.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Io moth Automeris io (Fabricius, 1775) | Butterflies and Moths of North America". www.butterfliesandmoths.org. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Io Moth (Automeris io)". www.insectidentification.org. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  9. ^ a b Hossler, Eric; Elston, Dirk; Wagner, David (2008). "What's Eating You? Automeris io" (PDF). Cutis. 82: 21–24.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Io Moth". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Sourakov, Andrei (September 26, 2017). "Giving eyespots a shiner: Pharmacologic manipulation of the Io moth wing pattern". F1000Research. 6: 1319. doi:10.12688/f1000research.12258.2. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 5629545. PMID 29057069.
  12. ^ a b c Stevens, Martin (November 2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera". Biological Reviews. 80 (4): 573–588. doi:10.1017/S1464793105006810. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 16221330. S2CID 24868603.
  13. ^ O’Hara, James E.; Wood, D. Monty (December 1998). "Tachinidae (Diptera): Nomenclatural Review and Changes, Primarily for America North of Mexico". The Canadian Entomologist. 130 (6): 751–774. doi:10.4039/ent130751-6. ISSN 0008-347X. S2CID 86402092.
  14. ^ Ellis, Carter Reid; Elston, Dirk M.; Hossler, Eric W.; Cowper, Shawn E.; Rapini, Ronald P. (2021). "What's Eating You? Caterpillars" (PDF). Cutis. 108 (6): 346–351. doi:10.12788/cutis.0406. PMID 35167790. S2CID 246865715.
  15. ^ Villas-Boas, Isadora Maria; Alvarez-Flores, Miryam Paola; Chudzinski-Tavassi, Ana Marisa; Tambourgi, Denise V. (2016). "Envenomation by Caterpillars". Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas. Vol. 57. pp. 429–449. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7438-3_57. ISBN 978-94-017-7436-9.
  16. ^ Jones, David L.; Miller, Joseph H. (January 1, 1959). "Pathology of the Dermatitis Produced by the Urticating Caterpillar, Automeris Io". A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology. 79 (1): 81–85. doi:10.1001/archderm.1959.01560130083009. ISSN 0096-5359. PMID 13605279.
  17. ^ Sourakov, Andrei (2013). "Larvae of Io Moth, Automeris io, On the Coral Bean, Erythrina herbacea, in Florida—the Limitations of Polyphagy". The Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 67 (4): 291–298. doi:10.18473/lepi.v67i4.a6. S2CID 87172312. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  18. ^ Barbour, James; Kiviat, Erik (January 10, 2018). "Introduced Purple Loosestrife as Host of Native Saturniidae (Lepidoptera)". The Great Lakes Entomologist. 30 (2). doi:10.22543/0090-0222.1934. ISSN 0090-0222. S2CID 86194749.
  19. ^ a b c d Miner, Angela (2014). Martina, Leila Siciliano (ed.). "Automeris io". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  20. ^ "Species Automeris io - Io Moth - Hodges#7746". bugguide.net. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  21. ^ a b "Adult and Larva of Moths of Pennsylvania: Moths and Butterflies" (PDF). WRCF Poster. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  22. ^ Wagner, David (2012). "Conservation Matters: Moth Decline in the Northeastern United States" (PDF). News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 54: 52–55.
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