Joseph Orbeli

Joseph Orbeli
Joseph Orbeli
	A 2012 Armenian stamp dedicated to Orbeli
Born	20 March 1887; Kutaisi, Russian Empire
Died	2 February 1961 (aged 73); Leningrad, Soviet Union
Awards	Order of Lenin (2) ; Order of the Red Banner of Labour (2)
Academic background
Alma mater	Leningrad State University
Influences	Nicholas Adontz, Vasily Bartold, Ivane Javakhishvili, Nikolai Marr, Michael Rostovtzeff, Sergei Zhebelev
Academic work
Discipline	Armenian studies, Iranian studies, Oriental studies
Institutions	Armenian National Academy of Sciences
Doctoral students	Aram Ter-Ghevondyan
Influenced	Hrach Bartikyan, Aram Ter-Ghevondyan, Karen Yuzbashyan

Joseph Orbeli (Armenian: Հովսեփ Աբգարի Օրբելի, Hovsep Abgari Orbeli; Russian: Иосиф Абгарович Орбели, romanized: Iosif Abgarovich Orbeli; 20 March (O.S. 8 March) 1887 – 2 February 1961) was a Soviet-Armenian orientalist, public figure and academician who specialized in medieval history of Transcaucasia and administered the Hermitage Museum in Leningrad from 1934 to 1951. He was the founder and first president of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences (1943–47).^[1]

Biography

Early life and education

Born into the Orbeli family in Kutaisi,^[2] Russian Georgia in 1887, Joseph Orbeli completed his secondary education at a classical gymnasium in Tbilisi.^[3] In 1904, he was accepted to Saint Petersburg University. He studied history and philology (with a particular emphasis in Latin and Greek) and graduated from the university in 1911.

During his student years, Orbeli accompanied his professor, Nikolai Marr, to Russian Armenia, where he took part in excavations of the ruins of the medieval Armenian capital of Ani.^[1] Marr pushed his pupil to fully immerse himself in the fields of archaeology, literature, lithography and linguistics; otherwise, Marr reasoned, he would find himself unprepared in his research and his studies.^[3]

Archaeological studies

Following his graduation, Orbeli departed for Armenia once more. He became the director of an on-site museum that was established at Ani and, during Marr's absences, frequently headed the excavations himself.^[3] He also traveled to Nagorno-Karabakh (more precisely, to the historical region of the Principality of Khachen), gathering and categorizing lithographic material. Orbeli also managed to travel to Western Armenia, where he was able to study Armenian, Seljuk, and Urartian monuments and conduct research on Armenian and Kurdish dialects.

Gradually, Orbeli was emerging as the leading authority on Armenian antiquities in the world. In 1912, he became a member of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society and in 1914, he began teaching Armenian and Kurdish studies at Saint Petersburg University. In 1916, he participated in a Russian archaeological expedition around the Lake Van region; it was here where he discovered an inscription attributed to the Urartian king Sarduri II.^[3]

He continued his work at Saint Petersburg University; in 1917, he was appointed an assistant professor of Armenian-Georgian studies, but occasionally taught at Moscow's Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages as well.

Academic work

In the years leading up to the Russian Revolution, Orbeli published a number of books, including a catalogue of artifacts found at Ani and a series of studies dealing with classical philology, Armenian history, archaeology and art.^[3] This led to his appointment to the Hermitage Museum in July 1934,^[4] which he would steer through the hardships of Joseph Stalin's purges.

In December 1941, the deadliest month of the Siege of Leningrad, Orbeli led a festival dedicated to Ali-Shir Nava'i, a medieval Turkic poet and philosopher.^[5]^[6] Orbeli considerably enhanced the museum's holdings of Oriental art, making it one of the top Oriental art museums in the world. No less important was Orbeli's role as head of the national school of Caucasus studies. Orbeli underscored the importance of linguistic studies for proper understanding of historical processes.

In 1934, as a member of the Soviet delegation, he went to Iran for the Ferdowsi millennial celebrations and visited the cities of Tehran and Mashhad.^[7] A year later he organised the 3rd International Congress of Iranian Art and Archeology at the Hermitage Museum and the accompanying exhibition therein.^[8] The other spiritus movens of the congress was Arthur Upham Pope.

In 1955–60, he was in charge of the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the renamed Leningrad University.

Later life

He was buried at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery in Leningrad. He was featured in the movie Russian Ark as the director of the Hermitage.^[9]

In stamps

Orbeli on a 1987 Soviet stamp
Joseph Orbeli on an Armenian stamp, 2012

References

^ ^a ^b (in Armenian) Yuzbashyan, Karen «Օրբելի, Հովսեփ Աբգարի» [Orbeli, Hovsep Abgari] Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1986, vol. 12, pp. 584–585.
^ "ОРБЕЛИ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". bigenc.ru. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e (in Armenian) Anon. "Հովսեփ Օրբելի" [Hovsep Orbeli]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes 12/1 (1961), pp. 229–234.
^ Strube V. V. (red). Issledovaniia po istorii kul'tury narodov Bostoka: sbornik v chest' akademika I. A. Orbeli. Moskva Leningrad. Izdatel'stvo Akademiii Nauk SSSR, 1960, p. 9
^ Harrison Salisbury (2003). The 900 Days: The Siege Of Leningrad. Da Capo Press. p. 430. ISBN 9780786730247.
^ Grigol Ubiria (2015). Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia: The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations. Routledge. p. 232. ISBN 9781317504351.
^ Strube V. V. (1960), p. 9
^ "To Mark the 80th Anniversary of the Conference of Iranian Studies in the Hermitage". Hermitage Museum. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "90 minutes that shook the world". Guardian. 28 March 2003.

Select bibliography

(in Russian) Избранные Труды [Selected works]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1963.
(in Russian) "Akademik Iosif Abgarovich Orbeli: (biograficheskiy ocherk" [The academician Joseph Abgarovich Orbeli: a biographical essay], pp. [5]-12 in: Strube V. V. (red). Issledovaniia po istorii kul'tury narodov Bostoka: sbornik v chest' akademika I. A. Orbeli. Moskva Leningrad. Izdatel'stvo Akademiii Nauk SSSR, 1960, 527 p.