Ipomoea alba, known in English as tropical white morning glory, moonflower or moonvine, is a species of night-blooming morning glory, native to tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America, from Argentina to northern Mexico, Arizona, Florida[3] and the West Indies.[4] Though formerly classified as genus Calonyction, species aculeatum, it is now properly assigned to genus Ipomoea, subgenus Quamoclit, section Calonyction.[5]
| Ipomoea alba | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Convolvulaceae |
| Genus: | Ipomoea |
| Species: | I. alba
|
| Binomial name | |
| Ipomoea alba | |
Description
editIpomoea alba is a perennial, herbaceous liana growing to a height of 5–30 m (20–100 ft) tall with twining stems. The leaves are entire or three-lobed, 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long, with a stem 5–20 cm (2–8 in) long. The flowers are fragrant, white or pink, and large, 8–14 cm (3–6 in) diameter. The flowers open quickly in the evening and last through the night, remaining open until touched by the morning dew. On overcast days, the blossoms may remain open for longer. The flowers also tend to remain open longer during cool temperatures, which may also cause the segments to snag or tear as they open.
The seeds are yellowish light brown to nearly black in color and nearly round, 10–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long and 8–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide. The seeds are quite buoyant. In an experiment they floated in water for a year and a half.[6]
The leaves, flowers, and seeds are toxic to humans, cats, dogs, and livestock.[3]
Names
editIpomoea alba is known by a variety of common names. Many of them allude to its night-blooming white flowers, including "moonflower",[7] "moonvine",[8] "white moonflower",[6] and "tropical white morning glory".[9] Though "moonflower" is most often used with Ipomoea alba specifically,[10] it is used for other plants, including those formerly placed in Calonyction and now in genus Ipomoea,[10] Ipomoea muricata,[11] Datura candida,[12] Brugmansia suaveolens,[13] and Selenicereus wittii.[14] The similar "moon-flower" was used in the 1800s as a name for Anemonoides altaica, Leucanthemum vulgare, and Rabelera holostea.[15]
Historical use
edit
The Mesoamerican civilizations used the Ipomoea alba morning glory to convert the latex from the Castilla elastica tree to produce bouncing rubber balls. The sulfur in this morning glory served to cross-link the rubber, a process predating Charles Goodyear's discovery of vulcanization by at least 3,000 years.[16]
Cultivation
editThe species is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant for its flowers. In areas too cold for winter survival, it can be grown as an annual plant. Since it is of tropical origin, it flowers best under a summer short-day photoperiod. Though it can be successfully flowered in the north, its flowering is impaired by excessively long summer days. Thus, at higher latitudes it often does not set buds and bloom until early autumn, when daylight length is once again near 12 hours.
Propagation is usually by seed. The seed resembles a small, brownish nut, and should be nicked with a file and then soaked overnight before planting.
In some areas, the plant is an invasive species which can cause problems in agricultural settings.
References
edit- ^ Canteiro, C. (2021). "Ipomoea alba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T126421388A158506713. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T126421388A158506713.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ NatureServe (2024). "Ipomoea alba". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ a b And Bly NRCS. "Ipomoea alba". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 20 May 2015.
- ^ Liogier, A.H.; Liogier, H.A.; Martorell, L.F. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis. Ed. de la Universidad. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8477-0369-2. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ "Ipomoea alba". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ a b Gunn, Charles R.; Dennis, John V. (1976). World Guide to Tropical Drift Seeds and Fruits. New York: Quadrangle / New York Times Book Co. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8129-0616-5. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ "Ipomoea alba". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ Gartin, P. J.; Smith, F. Brian (2004). Some Like It Hot : plants that thrive in hot and humid weather. Charleston, South Carolina: Wyrick & Co. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-941711-74-6. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ "Ipomoea alba (Moonflower, Moonvine, Tropical White Morning Glory)". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ a b Bridgwater, William; Sherwood, Elizabeth J., eds. (1950). The Columbia Encyclopedia (In One Volume) (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University. p. 1318. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ Harper-Lore, Bonnie L.; Johnson, Maggie; Skinner, Mark W. (2007). Roadside Weed Management. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. p. 96. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 1334. ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ Karmali, John (1988). The Beautiful Plants of Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Westlands Sundries. p. 61. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ Mabey, Richard (2016). The Cabaret of Plants : Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-393-23997-3.
- ^ Britten, James; Holland, Robert (1886). A Dictionary of English Plant-names. London: Trübner & Co. p. 339. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ "Rubber processed in ancient Mesoamerica, MIT researchers find". MIT News. Archived from the original on 2005-04-25. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
