Irantxe language

Irántxe
Irántxe
Irántxe-Mỹky
Manoki, Mỹky
Native to	Brazil
Region	Mato Grosso
Ethnicity	280 Irántxe and 80 Münkü (2012)
Native speakers	90, including 10 Irántxe proper (2012)
Language family	unclassified
Dialects	Mỹky, Iránxte;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	irn
Glottolog	iran1263
ELP	Irantxe

Irántxe (Irántxe, Iranxe, Iranshe) /iˈɻɑːntʃeɪ/, also known as Mỹky (Münkü) or still as Irántxe-Münkü, is an indigenous language spoken by the Irántxe (Iránxe, Iranche, Manoki, Munku) and Mỹky (Mynky, Münkü, Munku, Menku, Kenku, Myy) peoples in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. Recent descriptions of the language analyze it as a language isolate, in that it "bears no similarity with other language families" (Arruda 2003). Monserrat (2010) is a well-reviewed grammar of the language.

Vitality and dialects

According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, Irántxe-Mỹky is currently not thriving. While the Mỹky dialect is considered "vulnerable", the Irántxe variety is deemed "considerably endangered", with only 10 fluent speakers out of the 356 ethnic Irántxe-Mỹky in the 2006 report. As of 2011, the 280 Irántxe have largely assimilated to Brazilian culture. Most are monolingual in Portuguese, and the remaining Irántxe speakers are over 50 years old. A splinter group, the Mỹky, however, moved to escape assimilation, and were isolated until 1971. As of 2011, there were 80 ethnic Mỹky, all of whom spoke the language.

Dialects and location:^[2]

Irántxe dialect: spoken in Cravari village, on the Cravari River (a tributary of the Do Sangue River) in the municipality of Diamantino, Mato Grosso.
Mỹky dialect: spoken at an isolated village at the headwaters of the Escondido Creek, in the municipality of Brasnorte, Mato Grosso state.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with languages from the Arawak, Tupi, Chapakura-Wañam, Nambikwara, and Yanomami families, likely due to contact.^[3]

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)^[4] also found lexical similarities between Irántxe-Mỹky and Nambikwaran.

Phonology

No instrumental phonetic data pertaining to the Irántxe-Mỹky language is available. The phonological description of Inrátxe-Mỹky is based on auditory analyses by the authors cited.

Consonants

Irántxe-Mỹky has a small consonant inventory. Voicing is not contrastive for any consonant. In the Monserrat analysis shown in the table, there is a series of palatalized stops /pʲ tʲ kʲ/ and nasals /mʲ nʲ/, which reviewer D’Angelis (2011) analyzes as /Cj/ sequences. In Monserrat's analysis, /ʃ/ is a separate phoneme from /sʲ/.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p pʲ	t tʲ		k kʲ	ʔ
Nasal	m mʲ	n nʲ
Fricative		s	ʃ		h
Trill		r
Approximant	w		j

Allophonic variation

Source:^[5]

The bilabial /m/ may occur as [mb] word initially, especially among the Irántxe: muhu [mbuhu], mjehy [mbʲɛhɨ].
The sibilant /s/ is pronounced [ʃ] before /j/.
The trill /r/ may also occur as [l].
The palatal approximant /j/ occurs as [ɲ] before nasal vowels.

Vowels

The vowel inventory of Irántxe-Mỹky is large, with 21 phonemic vowels. Vowel length and nasalization are contrastive in the language. The role of tone is not clear.

Irántxe Vowels
	Front	Mid	Back
Close	i ĩ iː	ɨ ɨ̃ ɨː	u ũ uː
Mid	ɛ ɛ̃ ɛː	ə ə̃ əː	ɔ ɔ̃ ɔː
Open		a ã aː

In many words, /ə/ alternates with /ɛ/.

The maximal syllable shape may be CVC or CjVC word-medially, depending on the analysis. Word-finally, only CV ~ CʲV syllables occur.

Orthography

The linguist Ruth Monserrat, along with native speaker Beth Jurusi, developed a system for spelling the Mỹky dialect.^[2]

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p pj	t tj		k kj	’
Nasal	m mj	n nj
Fricative		s	x		h
Trill		r
Approximant	w	(l)	j

Lexicon

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Irántxe dialect,^[6] later expanded in Holanda's (1960) larger vocabulary list.^[7] The Mỹky words derive from the dictionary compiled by Monserrat.^[2]

gloss	Irántxe^[6]^[7]	Mỹky^[2]
one	yamachí	kỹtapy
two	numá	numã
head	pemã	rem
tongue	akirente	jakirẽti
eye	kutakecí	kutakahy
nose	kamínxí	kjamĩhĩ
hand	mimãchxi	mimã
woman	ekipu	namy’i
man	miʔá	mía
old person	naripú	miptosohu
water	manaː	manã
maize	kuratu	kuratu
cassava	mãinʔin	mỹ’ĩ
fish	miaxtapá	miatapa
sun	ileheː	irehy
rain	muhú	muhu
day	máʔá	ma’a
white	nakatá	nakata

References

^ ^a ^b Irántxe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini and Elizabeth R. Amarante. 1995. Dicionário Mỹky-Português. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Sepeei/SR-5/UFRJ. 48 f.
^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
^ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
^ Monserrat, Ruth Maria (2000). A língua do povo Mỹky. Campinas: Curt Nimendajú. pp. 186–196.
^ ^a ^b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
^ ^a ^b Holanda Pereira, Adalberto. 1960. Vocabulário da língua dos índios irántxe. Revista de Antropologia 12:105-115.