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Iraq–Kuwait relations

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The relations between Iraq and Kuwait are longstanding and complex, experiencing many changes through recent decades.

Iraqi-Kuwait relations
Map indicating locations of Iraq and Kuwait

Iraq
Kuwait

History

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Prior to the discovery of oil, the lands comprising modern day Iraq and Kuwait shared significant political, economic, social, and cultural ties.

In the 1930s, a popular movement emerged in Kuwait which called for the unification of the country with Iraq.[1] This movement coalesced into the Free Kuwaiti Movement in 1938, which was established by Kuwaiti youths who were opposed to British influence in the region. The movement submitted a petition to the Iraqi government demanding that it support the unification of Kuwait and Iraq.[1][2] Fearing that the movement would turn into an armed rebellion, the Al Sabah family agreed to the establishment of a legislative council to represent the Free Kuwaiti Movement and its political demands.[1] The council's first meeting in 1938 resulted in a unanimous resolution demanding the unification of Kuwait and Iraq.[1] The 1938 National Assembly was formally dissolved in 1939 after "one member, Sulaiman al-Adasani, in possession of a letter, signed by other Assembly members, addressed to Iraq's King Ghazi, requesting Kuwait's immediate incorporation into Iraq". This demand came after the merchant members of the Assembly attempted to extract oil money from Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, a suggestion refused by him and upon which he instigated a crackdown which arrested the Assembly members in 1939.[3]

In March 1939, an armed rebellion broke out in Kuwait by supporters of the movement, seeking to unify Kuwait with Iraq by force.[1] Supported by the British, the Al Sabah family rapidly suppressed the rebellion, imprisoning numerous supporters of the movement.[1] King Ghazi of Iraq publicly demanded that the prisoners be released and the Al Sabah family end their repressive policies towards members of the Free Kuwaiti Movement.[1][2]

Attempts by Faisal king of Iraq to build a railway to Kuwait and port facilities on the Gulf were rejected by Britain. These and other similar British colonial policies made Kuwait a focus of the Arab national movement in Iraq, and a symbol of Iraqi humiliation at the hands of the British.[1]

Ever since Kuwait's independence in 1961, the Iraqi governments sought various opportunities to reclaim and annex Kuwait. A short-lived crisis evolved in 1961, as the Iraqi government threatened to invade Kuwait and the invasion was finally averted following plans by the Arab League to form an international Arab force against Iraqi designs on Kuwait.[4][5] The Kuwait-Iraq 1973 Sanita border skirmish evolved on 20 March 1973, when Iraqi army units occupied El-Samitah near the Kuwaiti border, which evoked an international crisis.[6] The relationship experienced a decade of thaw following the Iran–Iraq War, with Kuwait and other Gulf states supporting Iraq against Iran.[7]

 
Kuwaiti territory was temporarily annexed and proclaimed by Saddam Hussein as a governorate of Iraq during the Gulf War

In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi oil through slant drilling, however some Iraqi sources indicated Saddam Hussein's decision to attack Kuwait was made only a few months before the actual invasion.[8] According to oil workers in the area, Iraq's slant drilling claim was fabricated, as "oil flows easily from the Rumaila field without any need for these techniques."[9] There were several reasons for the Iraq move, including Iraq's inability to pay more than $80 billion that had been borrowed to finance the war with Iran and also Kuwaiti overproduction of oil which kept oil revenues down for Iraq.[10] The invasion started on 2 August 1990, and within two days of intense combat, most of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard or escaped to neighboring Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The state of Kuwait was annexed and proclaimed as Iraq's 19th province. During the Gulf War, Kuwait would soon be liberated by coalition forces. In July 1992 the matter of border demarcation was referred to the United Nations, which accurately mapped the boundary and then demarcated it on the ground, following the 1932 line with some small adjustments.[11][12][13] The border initially was accepted by Kuwait but not Iraq.[12] Iraq accepted the border in November 1994.[14][15] Since the fall of the Ba'ath Party regime in Iraq, relations have significantly improved between the two states.

 
Smoke from burning Kuwait oil fields that Saddam Hussein ordered set fire to during the Gulf War

In the mid-to-late 2010s, Kuwait hosted the international Iraq reconstruction conference and was Iraq's biggest financial investor in the conference. On 19 June 2019, Emir of Kuwait, Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, visited Iraq for the second time following the 2012 Arab League summit in Baghdad.[16] In August 2019, Iraq sent a protest letter to the United Nations regarding the installation of an observation tower on Fisht al-Aych.[17][18]

In 2019, Iraq was Kuwait's leading export market and food/agricultural products accounted for 94.2% of total export commodities.[19]

In August 2019, Iraq sent a protest letter to the United Nations regarding the geographical changes that the Government of Kuwait has made in the maritime area that lies beyond marker 162 in Khor Abdullah by upraising a shoal, which is designated as Fisht al-Aych.[20][21]

In March 2021, Iraq has so far paid $49.5 billion in war reparations to Kuwait while Iraq's dues now amount to only $2.5 billion.[22] On 13 January 2022, Iraq made its final reparations payment to Kuwait, with a claim of $52.4 billion being paid off.[23] In response, the United Nations Compensation Commission declared Iraq as having fully paid its compensation to Kuwait for the invasion and occupation.[24]

Kuwait's plans for economic development, such as the "Silk City project", involves developing mutually beneficial economic ties with Iraq.[25] Kuwait Vision 2035 entails the development of northern Kuwait (near the Iraq border and key Iraqi cities). Economic projects like the "Abdali Economic Zone" are designed to cater to Iraqi markets.

In February 2023, Kuwait's foreign minister Sheikh Salem Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah said Iraq and Kuwait would hold talks aimed at resolving the maritime border dispute between the two countries.[13]

On 4 September 2023, the Federal Supreme Court of Iraq annulled a law passed in 2013 that regulated navigation in the Khor Abdullah waterway between the two states, on the grounds that it should have been passed by a two-thirds majority in parliament instead of a simple majority. On 20 September 2023, a GCC-U.S. joint statement called for the complete demarcation of Kuwaiti-Iraqi maritime borders.[26]

Resident diplomatic missions

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Mechanisms of Western Domination: A Short History of Iraq and Kuwait", California State University, Northridge
  2. ^ a b Batatu, Hanna 1978. "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'athists and Free Officers" Princeton p. 189
  3. ^ Jill Crystal Oil and politics in the Gulf page 49
  4. ^ Helene von Bismarck, "The Kuwait Crisis of 1961 and its Consequences for Great Britain's Persian Gulf Policy" British Scholar, vol. II, no. 1 (September 2009) pp. 75-96
  5. ^ Scott, Richard; Correspondent, our Diplomatic (20 June 1961). "Independence for Kuwait". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2023. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ "US diplomatic cable mentioning the incident". Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Kuwait's National Security Policy" (PDF). CIA. April 1988. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  8. ^ Gause, F. Gregory III (2005). "The International Politics of the Gulf" in Louise Fawcett (ed.), "International Relations of the Middle East". Oxford: The University Press. pp. 263–274. ISBN 0-19-926963-7.
  9. ^ Hayes, Thomas C. (3 September 1990). "Confrontation in the Gulf; The Oilfield Lying Below the Iraq-Kuwait Dispute". The New York Times.
  10. ^ "Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  11. ^ "Final Report on the Demarcation of the International Boundary Between the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait by the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission" (PDF). Legal Office of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  12. ^ a b Harry Brown (October 1994). "The Iraq-Kuwait boundary dispute: historical background and the UN decisions of 1992 and 1993". IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  13. ^ a b Irish, John (18 February 2023). "Kuwait foreign minister sees progress on maritime border with Iraq". Reuters. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  14. ^ "Iraq". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2000. Archived from the original on 11 December 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  15. ^ Crossette, Barbara (11 November 1994). "Iraqis to accept Kuwait's borders". The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015.
  16. ^ "Kuwait emir in Iraq amid tension over suspected tanker attacks". aljazeera. 19 June 2019.
  17. ^ Bader Al-Saif. "Think Big: Why Broadening Negotiations Could Help Resolve the Kuwaiti-Iraqi Maritime Dispute". The Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center.
  18. ^ "Letter dated 7 August 2019 from the Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council". United Nations.
  19. ^ "Kuwait: Market Profile". Hong Kong Trade Development Council. 30 April 2021.
  20. ^ UK, Integrity. "Ku-wait Right There! Iraq Accuses Kuwait of Infringing Shared Maritime Borders – Integrity UK". Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  21. ^ Iraq (9 August 2019). "Letter dated 7 August 2019 from the Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ "Iraq says paid $50 bln in war reparations to Kuwait". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  23. ^ "Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission Holds Special Session to Mark the Fulfilment of its Mandate | ONU GENEVE". www.ungeneva.org. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  24. ^ "Iraq makes final reparation payment to Kuwait for 1990 invasion". UN News. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  25. ^ Nader Habibi (4 June 2018). "The Foreign Policy Implications of Kuwait's Vision 2035: Closer Economic Ties with Iran and Iraq". Payvand. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  26. ^ "GCC countries, US call for demarcation of Kuwaiti-Iraqi maritime borders". Reuters. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
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