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Irish measure

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This article is about early modern units. For pre-modern units, see Old Irish units of measurement.

Irish measure or plantation measure was a system of units of land measurement used in Ireland from the 16th century plantations until the 19th century, with residual use into the 20th century. The units were based on "English measure" but used a linear perch measuring 7 yards (6.4 m) as opposed to the English rod of 5.5 yards (5.0 m). Thus, linear units such as the furlong and mile, which were defined in terms of perches, were longer by a factor of 14:11 (~27% more) in Irish measure, while units of area, such as the rood or acre, were larger by 196:121 (~62% more). The Weights and Measures Act 1824 (5 Geo. 4. c. 74) mandated the use throughout the British Empire of "Imperial measure", also called "statute measure", based on English measure. Imperial measure soon replaced Irish measure in the use of the Dublin Castle administration, but Irish measure persisted in local government, and longer still in private use.

Milestone on Mountbellew Bridge, originally erected near by c.1760. Distances are given in Irish miles to: Dublin (79); Athlone (20) Ballyforan (9) Ballinasloe (2); Galway (23) Tuam (12) Dunmore (2)
Detail of John Rocque's 1794 map of Ireland showing scales of English and Irish miles
Milestone on the N2 road reading: Slane 5, Carrickmacross 21 and Collon 9 (Irish) miles. In modern statute miles this would be 6+1⁄3, 30+3⁄4 and 11+1⁄2 miles respectively.
Milestone in Athlone, indicating a distance of 60 Irish miles to Dublin. This is equivalent to 76 statute miles or 122 kilometres.
Milestone at Ballycarrane, stating that it is 8 Irish miles (16 km) to Rathkeale and 6 Irish miles (12 km) to Limerick.

History

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The size of the mile and acre are derived from the length of the surveyor's rod, a unit which in Ireland was called a perch (or linear perch to distinguish it from the square perch). A mile is 320 linear perches and an acre is 160 square perches. The length of the perch was not standardised nationwide at the time of the Tudor conquest of Ireland; the city walls of Cork used a 29-foot perch.[1] The 21-foot perch which became standard in Ireland during the Plantations was found elsewhere; in 1820 it was reportedly used for linear measure in Guernsey, and for measuring fencing in Herefordshire and "labourer's work" in South Wales.[2]

English measure was sometimes used in the Kingdom of Ireland. The Plantation of Munster of the 1580s used the English acre.[3] In 1642 the Adventurers' Act, to compensate those who funded the army that put down the 1641 rebellion with land confiscated from rebels, specified amounts in "English measure",[4] but was quickly amended to "Plantation measure".[5] The "mile line" of the 1652 Cromwellian settlement, prohibiting Catholics settling within a mile of the Connacht coast or River Shannon, was an English statute mile.[6][n 1] A 1653 survey of lands of the Countess of Ormonde in County Kilkenny used statute acres, whereas the 1654–5 Civil Survey and 1655–6 Down Survey used plantation acres.[9] Irish acres were used in the 1823–37 applotments made under the Composition for Tithes (Ireland) Act 1823.[10] A third system, "Scotch measure" or "Cunningham measure", was also used in Ulster Scots areas.[11][12]

Many 18th-century statutes of the Parliament of Ireland specified distances without specifying Irish or English measure, which led to confusion and disputes.[13] From 1774 until the 1820s, the grand juries of 25 Irish counties commissioned maps at scales of one or two inches per Irish mile[14][15] but the County Mayo maps (1809–1830) were surveyed and drawn by William Bald in English miles and just rescaled to Irish miles for printing.[16] The Ordnance Survey of Ireland, from its establishment in 1824, used English miles.[17] Thomas Telford's Howth–Dublin Post Office extension of the London–Holyhead turnpike had its mileposts in English miles.[18] Irish measure was formally abolished by the 1824 Weights and Measures Act but the Irish Post Office continued to use the measure until 1856.[12] An 1800 act fixed the maximum penalty for burning land at 10 pounds per "Irish plantation acre";[19] in 1846 a fine of 70 pounds was overturned in Queen's Bench as exceeding this limit: although the evidence related to seven Irish acres, the form of conviction "seven acres" must legally have referred to statute acres.[20] In two 1847 parliamentary returns of distances between Irish towns, values were in Irish miles for some counties and statute miles for others.[21] In 1878 the High Court of Justice in Ireland ruled that, unless "Irish acres" is explicitly specified, the word "acres" in a will must be interpreted as statute acres, notwithstanding external evidence that the opposite was intended.[22]

Several post-1824 statutes used Irish measure when repeating the text of a pre-1824 statute being replaced or amended. The Lighting of Towns (Ireland) Act, 1828 allowed those residing within one Irish mile of a town market to vote on whether to establish town commissioners.[23] The Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832 defined the radius of Sligo borough as "One Mile, Irish Admeasurement, from ... the Market Cross"; the same as the boundary established for local taxation purposes in 1803.[24][25] The Fever Hospitals (Ireland) Act 1834 allowed certain tenants to demise up to "six roods, plantation measure" to a fever hospital.[26] The Grand Jury (Ireland) Act 1836 allowed grand juries to allocate up to "two plantation acres" for a Church of Ireland diocesan school.[27] The Church of Ireland Act 1851 allowed a chapel of ease to be built on certain types of plot of up to "One Acre Plantation Measure".[28]

Irish mile

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The Irish mile (míle or míle Gaelach) as latterly defined measured exactly 8 Irish furlongs, 320 Irish perches, or 2240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.[29][30] During the Elizabethan era, 4 Irish miles were generally equated to 5 English ones although whether this meant the old English mile or the shorter statute mile is unclear.[31] Limerick's 1609 charter specified a three-mile radius for the county of the city; since the actual distance (four to five statute miles) exceeds three standard Irish miles Brian Hodkinson suggests "a peculiarly Limerick mile" was used.[32] The 21-foot perch was in use by 1609 for the Plantation of Ulster.[33][34] The 2240-yard mile was specified in Irish statutes of 1755 and 1786;[35] however, a 1715 Irish statute defines the fare for ferries in terms of "common Irish miles: (that is to say) at one English mile and an half or twelve furlongs at least to each mile".[36]

Prior to the publication of standardised traffic regulations by the Irish Free State in 1926,[37] signage varied from county to county, prompting complaints from travellers such as Alfred Austin.[38] In 1902, the Royal Road Book of Ireland explained that "Counties Dublin, Waterford, Cork, Antrim, Down, and Armagh use English, but Donegal Irish Miles; the other counties either have both, or only one or two roads have Irish".[39] The 1909 "Thorough" Guide said, "The Railway Companies adopt English miles. The [horse] car proprietors are apt to be elastic in their choice. The Counties of Dublin, Waterford, Cork, Antrim, and Armagh use English milestones, Donegal uses Irish only, and the other counties either have both or a mixture. Metal milestones, however, show English, and stone ones Irish, miles."[40] The Oxford English Dictionary's 1906[41] definition of "mile" described the Irish mile as "still in rustic use".[42]

The Irish Free State standardised its roads using English statute miles,[37] leading to some nationalist complaints. In 1937, a man being prosecuted for driving outside the 15-mile limit of his licence offered the unsuccessful defence that, since Ireland was independent, the limit should be reckoned by Irish miles "just as no one would ever think of selling land other than as Irish acres".[43] In 1965, two deputies proposed an amendment to the Road Transport Act to replace the English statute miles with Irish ones; it was rejected.[44] Such complaints—and the traditional distance itself[45]—are now considered obsolete following Irish metrication from the 1970s; however, "an Irish mile" is still used colloquially to express a vague but long distance akin to a "country mile".[46]

Placenames

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Two-Mile Borris, County Tipperary is two Irish miles from Leighmore, site of a medieval monastery.[47] Threemilehouse, County Monaghan is three Irish miles from Monaghan town.[48] Fivemiletown, County Tyrone is five Irish miles equidistant from Clogher, Brookeborough and Tempo.[49] Sixmilebridge, County Clare is six Irish miles from Thomondgate, Limerick.[50] Sixmilecross, County Tyrone is six Irish miles from Omagh.[51] The name of Six Mile Water, County Antrim is said to derive from the crossing point six Irish miles from Antrim town on the road to Carrickfergus.[52] Ninemilehouse, County Tipperary, is nine Irish miles from Glenbower along the turnpike road.[53]

Irish acre

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The Irish acre or plantation acre measured one Irish chain by one Irish furlong, or 4 Irish perches by 40, or 7840 square yards: approximately 0.66 hectares or 1.62 statute acres.[54] The Lancashire acre around the Solway Firth and the Churchland acre in Yorkshire were the same size, which Frederic Seebohm in 1914 connected to the erw of Gwent in Wales.[54][55] The Ordnance Survey of Ireland from its 1824 foundation used statute acres in its maps, which were used in turn for Griffith's Valuation and the census. The Irish acre remained common in Irish newspaper advertisements for farmland and other property until the middle of the 20th century.

In older Gaelic usage, a townland was notionally 60 or 120 "acres", but the size varied by the quality of the land. This unevenness was not sufficiently understood by English and Scottish planters, which caused disputes when confiscated land was divided and assigned.[56] In Anglo-Norman Ireland, as in England of the time, "acre" sometimes meant any individual plot of land; as a standard measure, it was probably about 2.5 statute acres near Dublin, perhaps differing elsewhere.[57] The Advertisements for Ireland of 1623 stated that the Irish acre varied by region from 1.25 to 8 English acres, while the Civil Survey of 1654 said that Irish surveys had measured only arable land, ignoring pasture, wood, bog, or wasteland.[58] Of eleven townlands in Ireland named "Fortyacres" in 1901, six had areas between 60 and 78 statute acres; the smallest was 46 acres and the largest 185.[59] The civil parish of Carn, County Wexford has townlands named Threeacres, Nineacres, and Nineteenacres, with respective areas of 12, 21, and 30 statute acres.[60]

Other Irish units

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The Weights And Measures Commissioners' 1820 report included a list of regional terms in the United Kingdom and Channel Islands with their corresponding legal or customary values. Those noted in Ireland included:

  • Gallon: defined as 217.6 cubic inches (3.566 L) by Irish statutes relating to beer and lime.[61]
  • Barrel: as in many regions, varied by content: 40 [Irish] gallons for "grain" and quicklime; 12 stone for malt; 14 stone for oats; 16 stone for barley; 20 stone for beans, peas, wheat, and potatoes.[62]
  • Stone: in Dublin was 15 pounds for rough tallow and 16 pounds for wool (instead of the standard 14 pounds).[63]
  • Load [of hay]: 4 "or more commonly 4+1⁄2" hundredweight in Dublin[64]

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ The original limit was four miles under the Act of Satisfaction 1653, passed by Barebone's Parliament to expand the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652.[7] The limit was reduced to one mile under the Act of Settlement 1657.[8]

Citations

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  1. ^ Andrews, John H. (1970). "Geography and Government in Elizabethan Ireland". In Stephens, Nicholas; Glasscock, Robin E. (eds.). Irish geographical studies in honour of E. Estyn Evans. Belfast: Queen's University of Belfast. pp. 178–191: 179. ISBN 978-0-85389-020-1. Retrieved 7 May 2019 – via Internet Archive.
  2. ^ Weights And Measures Commissioners 1820 pp. 26–27
  3. ^ MacCarthy-Morrogh, Michael (1986). The Munster Plantation: English Migration to the Southern Ireland, 1583-1641. Oxford University Press. p. 287. ISBN 9780198229520.
  4. ^ "[16 Car. 1 c.33] An Act for the speedy and effectuall reducing of the Rebells in his Majesties Kingdome of Ireland to theire due obedience to his Majesty & the Crowne of England, §1". Statutes of the Realm. Vol. 5: 1628–80. Great Britain Record Commission. 1819. pp. 168–172. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via British History Online. For each Adventure of two hundred pounds one thousand Acres in Ulster For three hundred pounds one thousand Acres in Conaght. For foure hundred and fifty pounds one thousand Acres in Munster For six hundred pounds one thousand Acres in Leinster All according to the English measure
  5. ^ "[16 Car. 1 c.37] An Act for the further advancement of an effectuall and speedy reduction of the Rebels in Ireland to the obedience of his Majestie and the Crowne of England, §2". Statutes of the Realm. Vol. 5: 1628–80. Great Britain Record Commission. 1819. pp. 176–177. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via British History Online. every such person ... which shall underwrite ... to the purposes aforesaid ... shall have ... a proportionable number of Acres out of the two millions and halfe of Acres in the said former Act mentioned ... in which said proportionable number of Acres shall be measured out and enjoyed according to the Plantation measure (that is to say) every Acre thereof shall consist of eightscore Pearches or Poles and every Pearch or Pole shall consist of one and twentie foot
  6. ^ Simms, J. G. (1965). "Mayo Landowners in the Seventeenth Century". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 95 (1–2 Papers in Honour of Liam Price): 237–247 : 242. JSTOR 25509593. It was originally proposed to hem the Irish in by excluding them from a strip round the coast which was finally fixed at one statute mile — the 'mile line' — though this restriction was not strictly enforced except in the neighbourhood of Cromwellian garrisons.
  7. ^ Prendergast 1868 pp.83–84; Firth, C. H.; Rait, R. S., eds. (1911). "September 1653: An Act for the speedy and effectual Satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, and of the Arrears due to Soldiery there, and of other Publique Debts, and for the Encouragement of Protestants to plant and inhabit Ireland.". Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660. London: British History Online. pp. 722–753. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  8. ^ Prendergast 1868 pp.115–116
  9. ^ Manning, Conleth (1999). "The 1653 Survey of the Lands Granted to the Countess of Ormond in Co. Kilkenny". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 129: 40–66: 42. JSTOR 25509083.
  10. ^ "About the Records". The Tithe Applotment Books 1823–37. National Archives of Ireland. November 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  11. ^ Hall, Mrs. S. C. (1842). Ireland: Its Scenery, Character, &c. How and Parsons. pp. 198, fn. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  12. ^ a b Austin Bourke; P. M. (March 1965). "Notes on Some Agricultural Units of Measurement in Use in Pre-Famine Ireland". Irish Historical Studies. 14 (55): 236–245. doi:10.1017/S0021121400020368. JSTOR 30005524.
  13. ^ Andrews, John Harwood (1985). Plantation acres: an historical study of the Irish land surveyor and his maps. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 196.
  14. ^ Andrews, John Harwood (1975). A Paper Landscape – The Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. Clarendon Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-19-823209-8.
  15. ^ Andrews, John; Ferguon, Paul (1995). "22: Maps of Ireland". In Helen Wallis; Anita McConnell (eds.). Historian's Guide to Early British Maps: A Guide to the Location of Pre-1900 Maps of the British Isles Preserved in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–4. ISBN 0-521-55152-8.
  16. ^ Storrie, Margaret C. (September 1969). "William Bald, F. R. S. E., c. 1789–1857; Surveyor, Cartographer and Civil Engineer". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (47). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society: 205–231. doi:10.2307/621743. JSTOR 621743.
  17. ^ Smith, Angèle (1998). "Landscapes of Power in Nineteenth Century Ireland: Archaeology and Ordnance Survey Maps". Archaeological Dialogues. 5 (5). Cambridge University Press: 69–84. doi:10.1017/S1380203800001173.
  18. ^ Montgomery, Bob (17 November 2004). "Past Imperfect; Milestones: Silent Witness to Our Transport History". The Irish Times. p. 34. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  19. ^ "40 Geo. 3 c.24 (Ir.) : An Act for more effectually preventing the burning of Land". Statutes Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland. Vol. XII: 1799–1800. Dublin: George Grierson. 1801. pp. 113–114. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  20. ^ Cox, Edward William (1846–1848). "The Queen v. Kirwan (a) 3 November 1846". Reports of Cases in Criminal Law Argued and Determined in All the Courts in England and Ireland. 2. London: J. Crockford: 117–118. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  21. ^ "Return to Two Orders of the Honourable The House of Commons, dated respectively 17 & 23 June 1847". Parliamentary Papers. 1847 LVI (697). H.M. Stationery Office: 329. 20 July 1847.
  22. ^ O'Donnell v O'Donnell, 1 L.R.Ir., 284 (Chancery Division (Ireland) 21 June 1878).
  23. ^ "Lighting of Towns (Ireland) Act, 1828". Irish Statute Book. 25 July 1828. §§ 4, 11. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  24. ^ Lewis, Samuel (1837). "Appendix:Shewing the Boundaries of the Cities and Boroughs in Ireland". A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland.
  25. ^ "Sligo". Instructions by Secretary for Ireland, respecting Cities and Boroughs in Ireland sending Representatives to Parliament; Reports of Commissioners. Sessional papers. Vol. 43. 8 June 1832. p. 128 §§6,9. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  26. ^ "Fever Hospitals (Ireland) Act, 1834". electronic Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  27. ^ "Grand Jury (Ireland) Act, 1836 s.96". electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB). Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  28. ^ "Church of Ireland Act, 1851". electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB). §§ 2, 5, 29, 30. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  29. ^ Ordnance Survey Ireland. "Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  30. ^ Rowlett (2005), "Irish mile".
  31. ^ Andrews (2003), p. 70.
  32. ^ Hodkinson, Brian (2007). "A History and Archaeology of the Liberties of Limerick to c.1650" (PDF). North Munster Antiquarian Journal. 47 (4): 42. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  33. ^ Ó Cíobháin, Breandán (1987). "Review: J. H. Andrews, Plantation acres". Peritia. 6–7: 364–366. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.198. ISSN 0332-1592.
  34. ^ Petty, William (1769) [1691]. "XIII: Several miscellany remarks and intimations concerning Ireland, and the several matters aforementioned". Tracts, chiefly relating to Ireland. Vol. The political anatomy of Ireland (2nd ed.). Dublin: Boulter Grierson. p. 375. Eleven Irish miles makes 14 English, according to the proportion of the Irish perch of 21 feet, to the English of 16 and a half.
  35. ^ 29 Geo. 2 c. 13 [Ir.] § 1; 26 Geo. 3 c. 61 [Ir.] § 118 "within seven miles of the said city, to be computed from the castle of Dublin, (at the rate of two thousand two hundred and forty yards to the mile)"
  36. ^ Butler, James Goddard; Ball, William (1765). "2 George I c.12". The Statutes at Large, Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland. Vol. IV: From the second year of Anne, A.D. 1703, to the sixth year of George the First, A.D. 1719 inclusive. Printed by Boulter Grierson. §5, p.362. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  37. ^ a b "Safer roads". The Irish Times. 22 October 1926. p. 6. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
    "S.I. No. 55/1926 - Road Signs and Traffic Signals Regulations, 1926". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  38. ^ Austin, Alfred (1900). Spring and Autumn in Ireland. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 4. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  39. ^ Inglis, Harry R. G. (1902). 'Royal' Road Book of Ireland. Edinburgh: Gall and Inglis. p. 14.
  40. ^ Baddeley, M. J. B; Bbb (1909). "Introduction; Mileage". In W. Baxter (ed.). Thorough Guide to Ireland. Vol. Part I: northern counties including Dublin and neighbourhood. Thomas Nelson & Sons. p. 56.
  41. ^ McMorris, Jenny (2000). "Appendix I: OED Sections and Parts". Lexicography and the OED: Pioneers in the Untrodden Forest. main author Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN 0-19-823784-7. Mesne–Misbirth December 1906
  42. ^ "mile sb.1 1.". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 6, part 2 (1st ed.). Clarendon Press at Oxford. 1906. p. 436.
  43. ^ "Irish miles or English? Novel defence made at Bray". The Irish Times. 27 November 1937. p. 5. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  44. ^ "Carriage of Merchandise by Road". Questions. Oral Answers. Dáil Éireann debates. Vol. 214. Oireachtas. 23 February 1965. No. 6 p.12 col.836. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  45. ^ "mile, n.1 (draft revision)". Oxford English Dictionary (online edition). Oxford University Press. March 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  46. ^ Green, Jonathon (2005). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang (2nd ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 774. ISBN 0-304-36636-6.
  47. ^ Mills, David (20 October 2011). A Dictionary of British Place-Names. OUP Oxford. p. 471. ISBN 9780199609086. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  48. ^ Livingstone, Peadar (1980). The Monaghan story: a documented history of the County Monaghan from the earliest times to 1976. Clogher Historical Society. p. 574.
  49. ^ "Fivemiletown, County Tyrone". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  50. ^ Keogh, Jayme (2013). "Introduction". The changing ruling class in Sixmilebridge and the impact they left on the community, 1650-1900. Clare County Library. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  51. ^ "Sixmilecross, County Tyrone". Place Names NI. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  52. ^ "Six Mile Water, County Antrim". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  53. ^ "History of Glenbower".
  54. ^ a b "What is an Irish acre?". Sizes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  55. ^ Seebohm, Frederic; Hugh Exton, Seebohm (1914). Customary acres and their historical importance, being a series of unfinished essays. Longman's, Green, & co. Fig 16 (after p.100), pp.112, 266. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  56. ^ Bardon, Jonathan (14 November 2011). The Plantation of Ulster: War and Conflict in Ireland. Gill & Macmillan. p. 159. ISBN 9780717151998. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  57. ^ Otway-Ruthven, J. (1951). "The Organization of Anglo-Irish Agriculture in the Middle Ages". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 81 (1). Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland: 3. JSTOR 25510758.
  58. ^ Jäger, Helmut (2016). "Land Use in Medieval Ireland: A Review of the Documentary Evidence". Irish Economic and Social History. 10 (1): 51–65 : 52–53. doi:10.1177/033248938301000104. ISSN 0332-4893. S2CID 164246722.
  59. ^ General topographical index of Ireland, 1901. Command papers. Vol. Cd.2071. Dublin: HMSO. 1904. p. 463. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  60. ^ "Wexford". 1901 Census of Ireland: Vol I, Leinster. Command papers. Vol. Cd.847. 1902. p. 57.
  61. ^ Weights And Measures Commissioners 1820 p. 18; citing 9 Geo. 2 c.9 [Ir.] and 26 Geo. 3 c.35 [Ir.] "twenty Irish gallons of two hundred and seventeen cubical inches and six-tenths of a cubical inch each"
  62. ^ Weights And Measures Commissioners 1820 pp. 7–8
  63. ^ Weights And Measures Commissioners 1820 p. 34
  64. ^ Weights And Measures Commissioners 1820 p. 23

Sources

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