Isa bin Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa (Arabic: عيسى بن سلمان آل خليفة; 3 June 1933 – 6 March 1999) was a Bahraini royal who served as the first Emir of Bahrain from 1961 until his death in 1999 (after having previously ruled as Hakim of Bahrain until 16 August 1971).
| Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa | |
|---|---|
 Isa bin Salman in 1998 | |
| Emir of Bahrain | |
| Reign | 16 August 1971 – 6 March 1999 |
| Predecessor | Position established Himself (as Hakim) |
| Successor | Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |
| Prime Minister | Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa |
| Hakim of Bahrain | |
| Reign | 2 November 1961 – 16 August 1971 |
| Coronation | 16 December 1961 |
| Predecessor | Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa |
| Successor | Position abolished Himself (as Emir) |
| Prime Minister | Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa |
| Born | 3 June 1933 Jasra, Bahrain[a] |
| Died | 6 March 1999 (aged 65) Manama, Bahrain[b] |
| Burial | Al Rifa'a Cemetery |
| Spouse | Hessa bint Salman Al Khalifa |
| Issue |
|
| House | Khalifa |
| Father | Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa |
| Mother | Mouza bint Hamad Al Khalifa |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Born in Jasra, Bahrain, he became emir upon the death of his father, Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa.
Early life and reign
edit
Isa was born in Jasra to Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa and Mouza bint Hamad Al Khalifa (1933-2009), the daughter of Hamad ibn Abdullah Al Khalifa, and succeeded his father as emir upon his death in November 1961. He was installed on 16 December.[1][2]
Isa visited Ayetollah Mohsin Al Hakim in Najaf in 1968 to indicate his keenness to reinforce relationships with the Shia.[3]
During his reign, Bahrain gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1971.[4] While the government initially considered joining the United Arab Emirates, Isa had his country withdraw (along with Qatar) over his dissatisfaction with the proposed constitution [citation needed]. He then attempted to introduce a moderate form of parliamentary democracy, and men (though not women) were given the vote in parliamentary elections in 1973.[5] In August 1975, however, he dissolved Parliament because it refused to pass the government-sponsored State Security Law of 1974.[6] The parliamentary system was never restored in his lifetime and forced the emir to contend with occasional protests from the leftist and Islamist camps, which reached their peak in 1994 (see: History of Bahrain). [citation needed]
During his reign there was an arrangement between him and his brother, Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman,[7] whereby the Emir was assigned a diplomatic and ceremonial role, while Khalifa controlled the government and economy as Prime Minister.[7]
Isa was one of the founders of the Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust which was initiated by Saudi royal Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud, King Faisal's son, in 1981.[8]
Marriage and children
editIsa bin Salman Al Khalifa had one wife, his cousin Sheikha Hessa bint Salman Al Khalifa (1933–2009), daughter of Salman bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa. They married on 8 May 1949. They had five sons and four daughters:
- Hamad bin Isa (1950–), current king
- Rashed bin Isa (–17 December 2011)
- Mohamed bin Isa, Commander of the National Guard (1997–2008)
- Abdullah bin Isa, Vice President of the Higher Committee for the Horseback riding club
- Ali bin Isa, Minister of the Royal Court Affairs (1955–)
- Munira bint Isa
- Maryam bint Isa
- Shaikha bint Isa
- Noura bint Isa
Legacy and death
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During his 38 years as Emir, the economic transformation of Bahrain into a modern nation and a key financial centre in the Persian Gulf area took place. Nevertheless, critics note that he also dissolved Parliament, taking on absolute power.
Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa died of a heart attack on 6 March 1999 at the Government House in Manama, shortly after a meeting with the United States defense secretary William Cohen.[9] He was 67.[4] The last function he attended was the funeral of King Hussein, which took place less than a month before his death.
US President Bill Clinton expressed "deep sadness", as did Graham[clarification needed] at the news of the emir's death calling him "a good friend of peace". UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan also expressed "great sadness", and described the emir as "a force for stability" in the region. He was buried at the Al-Rifa'a cemetery.
He was succeeded by his eldest son, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.[9]
Foreign honours
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Spain: Grand Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (4 December 1981)[10]
Egypt: Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile
France: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honor
Germany: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Iran: Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi
Kingdom of Iraq:
- Order of the Two Rivers 1st Class (x/5/1968, 2nd Class 3 April 1952)
- King Faisal II Installation Medal (2 May 1953)
Jordan:
- Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali
- Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
Kuwait: Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great of Kuwait
Lebanon: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Cedar (2nd Class, 1958)
Morocco: Collar of the Order of Muhammad
Oman: Civil Order of Oman, 1st Class
Qatar: Collar of the Order of the Independence of the State
South Africa: Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (1995)[11]
Syria: Grand Cross of the Order of Umayyad
Tunisia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Independence
UAE: Order of Al-Nahayyan 1st Class- Empire of Iran: Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971).[12][13]
United Kingdom:
- Honorary Knight Commander (KCMG, 14 July 1964) and Honorary Knight Grand Cross (GCMG, 15 February 1979) of the Order of St Michael and St George
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB, 10 April 1984)
- Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (2 June 1953)
Titles
edit- 1933–1942: Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
- 1942–1961: His Excellency Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
- 1961–1964: His Highness Sheikh Isa II bin Salman Al Khalifa, Hakim of Bahrain
- 1964–1971: His Highness Sheikh Sir Isa II bin Salman Al Khalifa, Hakim of Bahrain, KCMG
- 1971–1999: His Highness Sheikh Isa II bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bernard Reich (1990). Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa: a biographical dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-313-26213-5.
- ^ "Chronology for Shi'is in Bahrain". UNHCR. 2004. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ Al Jimri, Mansoor (November 2010). "Shia and the State in Bahrain" (PDF). Alternative Politics (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ a b Jehl, Douglas (7 March 1999). "Sheik Isa, 65, Emir of Bahrain Who Built Non-Oil Economy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ^ Wright, Stephen (June 2006). "Generational change" (PDF). Durham Middle East Papers. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ^ "Democratic test ended". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Manama. AP. 28 August 1975. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ^ a b Wright, Steven (2008). "Fixing the Kingdom: Political Evolution and Socio-Economic Challenges in Bahrain" (PDF). CIRS. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ^ Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud (2014). "The Well of Influence". In Emmy Abdul Alim (ed.). Global Leaders in Islamic Finance: Industry Milestones and Reflections. Singapore: Wiley. p. 56. doi:10.1002/9781118638804.ch3. ISBN 978-1-118-46524-0.
- ^ a b "Bahrain's ninth al Khalifa". BBC. 6 March 1999. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "1995 National Orders awards". INFO. 18 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Badraie". Badraie. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Badraie". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Notes
edit- ^ Bahrain was under the Persian Gulf Residency as a British protectorate state at the time of Hamad's birth.
- ^ Bahrain was officially known as the State of Bahrain at the time of Hamad's death.
External links
edit
- Lawson, Fred (1990). "Isa bin Sulman Al Khalifah". In Bernard Reich (ed.). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 267–271. ISBN 978-0-313-26213-5.