The Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (lit. 'Islamic Democratic Alliance'; acronym: IJI; Urdu: اسلامی جمہوری اتحاد) was a right-wing conservative alliance formed in September 1988 to oppose the democratic socialist Pakistan Peoples Party in elections that year.[2] The alliance comprised nine parties, of which the major components were the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), National Peoples Party (NPP) and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), with PML accounting for 80% of the IJI's electoral candidates. The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency, under director Hamid Gul, had a major role in forming the right-of-centre political alliance.[3][4] Care had been taken to ensure that the alliance comprised nine parties to generate comparison with the nine-party Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) that had campaigned against PPP in 1977.[5]
Islami Jamhoori Ittehad Islamic Democratic Alliance اسلامی جمہوری اتحاد | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | IJI IDA |
| Leader | Nawaz Sharif |
| President | Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi |
| Secretary-General | Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed |
| Founder | Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Muhammad Khan Junejo |
| Founded | November 8, 1988 |
| Dissolved | July 18, 1993 |
| Succeeded by | Pakistan Muslim League (N) |
| Headquarters | Islamabad |
| Ideology | Conservatism Neoliberalism |
| Political position | Right-wing |
| Religion | Islam |
| Slogan | Nau Sitaray Bhai Bhai Benazir ki Shamat Aai[1] (lit. 'Nine Stars are brothers, here comes Benazir's trouble') |
| Seats in the National Assembly (before dissolution) | 111 / 207 |
| Party flag | |
 | |
The head of the party was Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, but its most resourceful leader was Nawaz Sharif, a young industrialist whom Zia ul-Haq had appointed chief minister of Punjab. Sharif was vying for control of the Pakistan Muslim League, which was headed at that time by former Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo.[6]
It won only fifty-three seats in the National Assembly, compared with ninety-two won by the PPP. Most IJI seats were won in Punjab. Nawaz Sharif emerged from the 1988 elections as the most powerful politician outside the PPP. In December 1988, he succeeded in forming an IJI administration in Punjab and became the province's chief minister. It was from this power base that he waged the political battles that eventually led to his becoming prime minister in 1990. In the supercharged atmosphere of the 1990 elections, the electorate surprised observers. Neither the IJI nor the PPP was expected to come up with a firm mandate to rule. Yet the IJI received a strong mandate to govern, winning 105 seats versus forty-five seats for the Pakistan Democratic Alliance (PDA), of which the PPP was the main component in the National Assembly.[7] Opposition groups alleged large scale selective rigging of seats to not just ensure an IJI victory but also prevent those opposed to Military influence from being elected.[8]
In the 1993 national elections, the IJI coalition no longer existed to bring together all the anti-PPP forces. The religious parties expended most of their energies trying to form a workable electoral alliance rather than bolstering the candidacy of Nawaz Sharif, the only person capable of challenging Benazir Bhutto.
List of Allied Parties
editThe following is a list of the nine allied political parties.[9]
| Party Name | Date Joined | Date Left | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pakistan Muslim League (PML) | |||
| National People's Party (NPP) | March 1992 [10] | Dismissed | |
| Jamaat Islami | 5 May 1992 [11][12] | Left in protest over the government's support of the Mujahidin government in Kabul, Afghanistan. | |
| Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam (Darkhwasty Group) | |||
| Nizam-i-Mustafa Group | |||
| Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith (Lakhvi group) | |||
| Jamaat-ul Mashaikh (Sahebzada Fazle Haq Group) | |||
| Azad Group | |||
| Hizbullah Jihad | September 1991 [13] | Expelled due to association with opposition parties. |
Controversies
editIslami Jamhori Ittehad was an establishment-backed political alliance against the Benazir Bhutto-led PPP, formed after doling out money to the politicians, which caused the PPP's defeat in the said general elections. In 1993, former Air Chief Asghar Khan had moved SC against foul play in the 1990 general elections. The case is also known as Mehrangate scandal.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Slogans and songs: The parties and times that made them". Herald (magazine). 20 August 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ B. Chakma (25 June 2014). South Asia in Transition: Democracy, Political Economy and Security. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-137-35664-2.
- ^ Hameed Gul admits he formed IJI, The News (Pakistan), August 30, 2009
- ^ Editorial: What the generals must apologise for Daily Times, February 01, 2008
- ^ Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military by Husain Haqqani, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005, p 207.
- ^ Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military by Husain Haqqani, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005, pp. 202–203.
- ^ Profile: Islami Jamhoori Ittehad U.S. Library of Congress
- ^ How an election was stolen: the PDA white paper on the Pakistan elections (1990) Peoples Democratic Alliance
- ^ "A leaf from history: Friends and enemies". Dawn. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (2023-02-24). "Pakistan: Information on the current status of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI or Islamic Democratic Alliance, IDA), and if disbanded, on the parties which belonged to it". Refworld. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Elections of 1990 and the IJI Government". University of California Press. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Nawaz Sharif: Problems for Nawaz Sharif". Facts and Details. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Hizb-e-Jihad expelled from IDA". Pakistan: Information on the current status of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI or Islamic Democratic Alliance, IDA), and if disbanded, on the parties which belonged to it. 1 November 1994. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
Bibliography
edit- Husain Haqqani. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military, Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.