Isle Phelipeaux or Isle Philippeaux – also called Isle Minong[1][2] – is a phantom island supposedly located in Lake Superior. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was believed to be real, and was shown on maps of the era. The island "Phelipeaux" is mentioned in the 1783 Treaty of Paris as a landmark defining the border between the United States and what would later become Canada.
It is thought[by whom?] to be either a fabrication or a mistaken duplication of Isle Royale. Other prominent islands appearing on contemporary maps of Lake Superior which may or may not correspond to real islands are Pontchartrain, Maurepas, and St. Anne's.[3][4]
History
editThese four islands were described by priest and traveler Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, who named them in honor of his patron Louis Phélypeaux.[5][6] Phélypeaux's titles included comte de Pontchartrain and comte de Maurepas, and his patron saint was Saint Anne.[5]
The islands first appear on a 1742 proof[7] of a map published in 1744 by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, who used Charlevoix's journal as a source.[8] That map and those based on it show "I. Philippeaux" as an island about the same size as Isle Royale, located midway between that island and the Keweenaw Peninsula.[9] "I. Philippeaux" is drawn with features resembling the actual Isle Royale, and may be an accidental duplication of it under the name given by Charlevoix.[10] The alternate name given by Bellin – "I. Minong" – had been previously applied to Isle Royale,[11] which today bears a prominent ridge by that name.
Across the lake due east of Isle Royale on this map lies "I. Pontchartrain", which is oriented and positioned relative to the southeast shoreline of the lake similarly to Michipicoten Island (which does not appear on the map) and may represent it.[10] Northeast of Pontchartrain is "Isle Maurepas", which has been speculated to be either a duplication of Michipicoten (whose shape it resembles),[10][6] or a misrepresentation of the Slate Islands in the north of the lake (an area poorly represented by Bellin).[5] South of "I. Pontchartrain" is "I. Se. Anne", whose relative size and position resemble that of Caribou Island.
The islands appear essentially the same on the larger 1755 Mitchell Map of the colonies that would later comprise the United States of America, and surrounding territory. The Mitchell Map was widely used, and served as a reference in defining the border between the new United States and the remaining North American territories of the kingdom of George III, following the American Revolutionary War. The 1783 Treaty of Paris describes a portion of the boundary as running "through Lake Superior northward of the Isles Royal and Phelipeaux to the Long Lake. [sic]" During the 1820s, when surveyors were attempting to more precisely stake out the international boundary from Lake of the Woods to Lake Superior, it was determined that "Isle Phelipeaux" did not exist. Surveyors were also unable to determine what body of water was meant by the "Long Lake" referenced in the treaty, and instead followed the Pigeon River from Lake Superior into the Boundary Waters.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "1757 Bellin Antique Map Great Lakes of United States & Canada, North America". Classical Images. Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
- ^ Breining, Greg (2000). Wild Shore: Exploring Lake Superior by Kayak. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9781452904382.
- ^ "1757 Bellin Antique Map Great Lakes of United States & Canada, North America". Classical Images. Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
- ^ "These Imaginary Islands Only Existed on Maps". 2017-12-09. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
- ^ a b c "1743 Bellin Map of North America". Geographicus Rare Antique Maps. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
- ^ a b Campbell, James Valentine (1876). Outlines of the Political History of Michigan. Schober & Company. p. 95.
Michipicoten pontchartrain.
- ^ "Antique Map Of The Great Lakes By Jacques Nicolas Bellin - 1742 by Blue Monocle". Fine Art America. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
- ^ "Michigan State University Department of Geography". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
- ^ "Antique Maps at the Map House of London-Mythical Islands". www.themaphouse.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
- ^ a b c Canada and its Provinces. 1914.
- ^ Schwartz, Seymour I. (October 2008). The Mismapping of America. University Rochester Press. ISBN 9781580463027.
- ^ "American Memory from the Library of Congress". memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-09.