General elections were held in Italy on 16 November 1919.[1] The fragmented Liberal governing coalition lost the absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, due to the success of the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian People's Party.
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All 508 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 255 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 56.58% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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A new election law had expanded the voting rights to a larger section of the population and established a proportional representation system.[2]
Background
editThe elections took place in the middle of Biennio Rosso ("Red Biennium") a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in Italy, following the First World War.[3] The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.
The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations.[3] In Turin and Milan, workers councils were formed and many factory occupations took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the Padan plain and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerrilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.
Electoral system
editThe Italian parliament passed a law on August 15, 1919 that replaced the uninominal-majoritarian system with a proportional representation system that apportioned seats based on the D'Hondt method.[2]
The new electoral law introduced in 1919 increased the electorate by more than a quarter to 11 million. It gave all those who had fought at the front in the First World War the right to vote, regardless of their age, as well as all other men over the age of 21.[4] The old system of using single-member constituencies with two-round majority voting was abolished and replaced with proportional representation in 58 constituencies with between 5 and 20 members.[5] The new system favoured parties such as the socialist PSI, which was able to mobilise voters through trade unions, cooperatives and other mass organisations, and the Catholic PPI, which could rely on the support of church associations.[4]
Parties and leaders
edit| Party | Ideology | Leader | Status before election | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | Socialism | Nicola Bombacci | Opposition | |
| Italian People's Party (PPI) | Christian democracy | Luigi Sturzo | Government | |
| Liberals, Democrats and Radicals (LDR) | Liberalism | Vittorio Emanuele Orlando | Government | |
| Social Democracy (DS) | Social liberalism | Giovanni Antonio Colonna | Government | |
| Liberal Union (UL) | Liberalism | Giovanni Giolitti | Government | |
| Combatants' Party (PdC) | Veteran interests | Several | Opposition | |
| Radical Party (PR) | Radicalism | Francesco Saverio Nitti | Government | |
| Economic Party (PE) | Conservatism | Ferdinando Bocca | Opposition | |
| Reformist Socialist Party (PSRI) | Social democracy | Leonida Bissolati | Government | |
| Italian Republican Party (PRI) | Republicanism | Salvatore Barzilai | Opposition | |
Voter turnout
edit| Region | Turnout |
|---|---|
| Abruzzi e Molise | 51.3% |
| Apulia | 54.2% |
| Basilicata | 50.9% |
| Calabria | 47.9% |
| Campania | 49.9 |
| Emilia | 71.5% |
| Lazio | 47.5% |
| Liguria | 60.5% |
| Lombardy | 67.4% |
| Marche | 47.6% |
| Piedmont | 63.0% |
| Sardinia | 55.5% |
| Sicily | 44.5% |
| Tuscany | 61.3% |
| Umbria | 56.2% |
| Veneto | 51.5% |
| Total | 56.6% |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior | |
Results
editThe fragmented Liberal governing coalition lost the absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, due to the success of the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian People's Party. The Socialists of Nicola Bombacci received the most votes in almost every region and especially in Emilia-Romagna (60.0%), Piedmont (49.7%), Lombardy (45.9%), Tuscany (41.7%) and Umbria (46.5%), while the People's Party were the largest party in Veneto (42.6%) and came second in Lombardy (30.1%) and the Liberal lists were stronger in Southern Italy (over 50% in Abruzzo, Campania, Basilicata, Apulia, Calabria and Sicily).[6]
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Italian Socialist Party | 1,834,792 | 32.28 | 156 | +104 | |
| Italian People's Party | 1,167,354 | 20.53 | 100 | New | |
| Liberals, Democrats and Radicals | 904,195 | 15.91 | 96 | New | |
| Social Democracy | 622,310 | 10.95 | 60 | New | |
| Liberal Union | 490,384 | 8.63 | 41 | −229 | |
| Combatants' Party | 232,923 | 4.10 | 20 | New | |
| Italian Radical Party | 110,697 | 1.95 | 12 | −50 | |
| Economic Party | 87,450 | 1.54 | 7 | New | |
| Italian Reformist Socialist Party | 82,157 | 1.45 | 6 | −13 | |
| Radicals, Republicans, Socialists and Combatants | 65,421 | 1.15 | 5 | New | |
| Italian Republican Party | 53,197 | 0.94 | 4 | -4 | |
| Independent Socialists | 33,938 | 0.60 | 1 | −7 | |
| Total | 5,684,818 | 100.00 | 508 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 5,684,818 | 98.12 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 108,674 | 1.88 | |||
| Total votes | 5,793,492 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 10,239,326 | 56.58 | |||
| Source: National Institute of Statistics | |||||
Leading parties by region
edit| Region | First party | Second party | Third party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abruzzo-Molise | LDR–UL | PSI | PPI | |||
| Apulia | LDR–UL | PSI | PPI | |||
| Basilicata | LDR–UL | PSI | PPI | |||
| Calabria | LDR–UL | PPI | PSI | |||
| Campania | LDR–UL | PPI | PSI | |||
| Emilia-Romagna | PSI | LDR–UL | PPI | |||
| Lazio | LDR–UL | PPI | PSI | |||
| Liguria | LDR–UL | PSI | PPI | |||
| Lombardy | PSI | PPI | LDR–UL | |||
| Marche | PSI | LDR–UL | PPI | |||
| Piedmont | PSI | LDR–UL | PPI | |||
| Sardinia | LDR–UL | PPI | PSI | |||
| Sicily | LDR–UL | PPI | PSI | |||
| Tuscany | PSI | LDR–UL | PPI | |||
| Umbria | PSI | LDR–UL | PPI | |||
| Veneto | PPI | PSI | LDR–UL | |||
References
edit- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ a b Palombara, Joseph G. La (1953). "The Italian Elections and the Problem of Representation". American Political Science Review. 47 (3): 676–703. doi:10.2307/1952900. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 1952900.
- ^ a b Brunella Dalla Casa, Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a Bologna, in: AA. VV, Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo, a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179.
- ^ a b Duggan, Fascist Voices, p. 30
- ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p1032
- ^ Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
Sources
edit- Duggan, Christopher (2013). Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini's Italy, New York, NY: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-973078-0