The Islamic Dawah Organization of Afghanistan (Pashto: د اسلامي دعوت تنظيم افغانستان, Persian: تنظیم دعوت اسلامی افغانستان, Tanzim-e Da'wat-e Islami-ye Afghanistan) is a political party in Afghanistan led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf. Founded in the early 1980s as the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan (Ittehad-e Islami bara-ye Azadi-ye Afghanistan, Persian: اتحاد اسلامی برای آزادی افغانستان), it was originally an attempt to bring unity amongst Islamist opposition forces in Afghanistan. However, the creation of the new umbrella organization effectively created a split and the organization became a political party of its own. The organization was part of the 'Peshawar Seven', the coalition of mujahedin forces supported by the United States, Pakistan and various Arab states of the Persian Gulf in the war against the PDPA government, Soviet forces and Ba'athist Iraq.[1][2] Through the financial aid received from Saudi sources, the organization was able to attract a considerable military following. Arab volunteers fought in the militia forces of the organisation.[3][4]
Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan د اسلامي دعوت تنظيم افغانستان تنظیم دعوت اسلامی افغانستان | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf |
| Secretary | Maiwand Safa |
| General Secretary | Maiwand Safa |
| Founded | 2005 (as a political party) |
| Ideology | Islamism Wahhabism Pashtun and Tajik interests Anti-Shi'ism |
| Political position | Right-wing |
| Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan | |
|---|---|
| اتحاد اسلامی برای آزادی افغانستان | |
| Leader | Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf |
| Dates of operation |
|
| Country | Afghanistan |
| Ideology | Islamism Anti-communism |
| Part of |  Afghan Mujahideen (1979–1989) Interim Afghan Government (1989–1992) Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2001) Northern Alliance (1996–2001) |
| Allies |
Non-state Allies:
|
| Opponents | State Opponents:
Non-state Opponents:
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| Battles and wars | |
Afghan Civil War (1992–96)
editAfter the ouster of the PDPA government in April 1992, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar initiated a bombardment campaign against the Islamic State of Afghanistan which had been established by the peace and power-sharing agreement Peshawar Accords. In addition, Saudi Arabia and Iran – as competitors for regional hegemony – supported Afghan militias hostile towards each other.[5] According to Human Rights Watch, "Iran assisted the Shia Hazara Hezb-i Wahdat forces of Abdul Ali Mazari, as Iran attempted to maximize Wahdat's military power and influence."[5][6][7] Saudi Arabia supported the Wahhabite Abdul Rasul Sayyaf and his Ittihad-i Islami faction.[5][6] Conflict between the two militias soon escalated into a full-scale war. Both Ittihad and Wahdat engaged in large-scale kidnapping campaigns against civilians and combatants of the "other side". The Islamic State and International Committee of the Red Cross regularly tried to mediate between the two sides, but cease-fires commonly were broken in a matter of days. In early 1993, the Hezb-i Wahdat joined an alliance with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar starting to shell northern Kabul. On February 11, 1993, Ittihad forces took part in the Islamic State's military Afshar operation which had the objective of ending the bombardment on residential areas in northern Kabul conducted by Hezb-i Wahdat. After the military operation had ended and successfully forced Wahdat forces from the area, Ittihad forces started to escalate the situation by turning against the civilian population. During and after the operation 70 combatants and civilians were killed. After the operation Ittihad troops under the command of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf kidnapped up dozens of people, some of whom were released after ransoms were paid to Ittihad commanders, some escaped by counter-operations by Hizb-e-Wahdat.[4]
In 2001, Ittihad's leader Abdul Rasul Sayyaf was suspected of being complicit in the assassination of anti-Taliban leader Ahmad Shah Massoud.
In 2005, the Ittihad organization was registered as a political party with the Ministry of Justice under its new name.[8] Sayyaf and Ittihad are currently allied to the Karzai government. The party is strongest in the Paghman area and receives most of its support from Pashtuns. Ideologically, the party follows and advocates an Orthodox form of Islam.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
- ^ "AFGHAN". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ a b "Press Backgrounder: Military Assistance to the Afghan Opposition (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, October 2001)". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ a b c Amin Saikal (2006). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival (1st ed.). London New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 352. ISBN 1-85043-437-9.
- ^ a b "Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity". Human Rights Watch. 6 July 2005.
- ^ Gutman, Roy (2008): How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1st ed., Washington DC.
- ^ "Afghanistan Online: Political parties and leaders in Afghanistan". www.afghan-web.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ Katzman, Kenneth (23 October 2013). Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 79.