Iwama-style Aikido (岩間合気道) is the style of aikido that was taught in Iwama by the founder of aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, and especially the lineage passed on through Morihiro Saito, a close disciple who was given responsibility over Iwama dojo by Ueshiba.[1]
It is also known by other names including Iwama-ryū (see: ryū) and Iwama Aikido. It is often associated with the term Takemusu after the martial concept. It is sometimes also referred to as Traditional or Dentō (伝統, lit. traditional).
It is sometimes called Saito style, though never by Iwama stylists themselves as Saito insisted that he intended to preserve the founder's style.[2][3]
Ranks
editAt one point Saito gave out specific Iwama-ryu ranks[4] at the insistence of his European students.[citation needed] However, he always awarded ranks through the Aikikai (original Aikido organization) out of respect for the Ueshiba family.[5][failed verification]
Saito also gave out mokuroku (scrolls) for his aiki-ken (sword) and aiki-jo (staff) with levels loosely modeled after the traditional license system of classical Japanese martial arts to students independent of Iwama-ryu ranks.[6]
Today, Iwama-style aikido organisations can be found both within and outside of the Aikikai. The main non-Aikikai branch is Iwama Shin-Shin Aiki Shuren-kai, founded by Morihiro Saito's son Hitohiro Saito. It continues to issue Iwama-ryu grading certificates;[4] however, many of Saito's longest students have remained affiliated with the Aikikai. In Europe some of these groups belong to the Takemusu Aikido Kyokai umbrella organisation.[7] In the United States, the major organization is the Takemusu Aikido Association.[8]
Style
editIwama style includes the combined study (riai) of traditional Japanese weapons (bukiwaza), specifically aiki-jō (staff) and aiki-ken (sword), and of empty-handed aikido (taijutsu), both accompanied by kiai.[9][10] Iwama practitioners often claim that their aikido is close to that of the founder, as preserved by Morihiro Saito, largely based on photos taken from the Noma Dojo and a technical manual written by the founder.[11]
Among non-Iwama Aikikai practitioners, a common opinion is that Iwama style mainly is Morihei Ueshiba's aikido of the 1940s and 1950s not taking into consideration his later years, though Ueshiba resided in Iwama until his death there.
Pedagogy
editIwama-style aikido tends to be highly codified compared to most aikido practice. Weapons training, including kata, is stressed. Techniques are generally practiced first from a static grab and footwork is broken up into numbered steps.[12] In addition weapons work involves many repetitions of suburi[13] and paired weapons practice is practiced with a pause between each movement until students are relatively advanced.
A great deal of emphasis is placed on a stable hanmi or stance in Iwama-style aikido.[14]
Every class in an Iwama-style dojo begins with the techniques tai-no-henko and morotedori kokyu-ho and ends with kokyu-dosa.[9]
Several Iwama-style dojos around the world, such as Aikido in Fredericksburg, offer live-in apprentice programs ("uchi-deshi programs") modeled after Saito's program in Iwama.
Progression
editSaito believed in a progression from static techniques to the spontaneous takemusu aiki. Many Iwama-style practitioners practice in stages,[15] most often divided into:
- Kihon (basic/foundational) or kotai (static) practice
- Yawarakai or jutai (soft, flowing movement)
- Ki-no-nagare (lit. the flow of ki)
Technical characteristics
editIn certain stances, a slight tilt of the hips is characteristic of the style.[16] The feet are kept on a line, but the front foot points forward rather than turned out (in contrast to the Yoshinkan) causing the hips to be slightly rotated.
In jo work, the posture of hito-emi, or standing with a dramatically minimized profile facing the opponent, is another unique characteristic of Iwama aikido.[17]
Many techniques, especially techniques that begin from shomen-uchi, start with nage (thrower or initiator) initiating a strike to uke (receiver) in the basic form of the technique. This is common in Yoshinkan, Manseikan, and Michio Hikitsuchi's basic practices and the founder's instruction in budo, but opposite of how many other styles of Aikido teach the techniques. Even when uke is striking, it is emphasized that tori initiates the encounter. Saito referred to this as the "way of the mountain echo" (yamabiko no michi), presumably after a poem by the founder.[18]
In keeping with the above, most grabs in Iwama aikido are formalized as a response to a threat from nage unlike in most aikido styles that start attacks with a grab. As a result, Iwama-style grabs are firm and static without pushing or pulling and with the intention of immobilizing the body.
Suwari-waza in Iwama style is started completely in seiza. This is in contrast to some other styles where the practitioners often start already on their toes (kiza).[19]
Iwama stylists employ kiai[20] and atemi[21] with great consistency.
Koshi-nage in Iwama-style aikido is always performed with the hips perpendicular to the uke and the hips acting as a fulcrum.[9]
In ukemi (responding) Iwama practitioners will usually attempt to parry the atemi being thrown by nage, which may or may not be encouraged in other styles of aikido. Rolls are usually performed with the rear leg tucked.
Buki-waza (weapons technique)
editFocus on bukiwaza and riai (the relationship between weapons and taijutsu) is a hallmark of this style. Some of the bukiwaza practices were developed by Morihei Ueshiba while others are Saito's distillations of his teachings and practices.
Weapons practice includes suburi, awase (1-step paired exercises), solo and paired kata, and tanren-uchi (striking a log or tire) with the jo and wooden sword. Though not formally part of the curriculum, Saito practiced Negishi-ryu and shuriken (throwing stars) is also sometimes practiced.[22]
The sword forms of Iwama style are generally recognized as being descended from Kashima Shinto-ryu sword techniques. In particular the first two kumitachi are nearly identical in the sequence of cuts to forms from Kashima Shinto-ryu.[23] It is also believed that Yagyu style had influence through Masakatsu Nakai's instruction of Ueshiba.
It has been widely observed that the ken-tai-jo are remarkably similar to spear techniques of Kukishin-ryu.[24] Ueshiba was close friends with the Kuki family;[25] this, along with the spear-like handling of the jo in Iwama style, has led to speculation that the Kukishin-ryu spear is partially the basis of Aiki-jo, though there is not enough evidence that Ueshiba formally studied the art in any depth.
Ara-Waza and Henka-Waza
editAra-waza, literally coarse techniques, are occasionally practiced by Iwama-style aikido practitioners. These techniques are intended to explicitly show the injurious applications latent in aikido techniques and include simple kicks targeting the knees and entangling or twisting joints during throws with the option to break them. Some henka-waza (modified basic techniques) in Iwama-style aikido also include entangling joints, locking large joints, strikes to vital points, and occasionally chokes using the arm or the partner's uniform (dogi). For safety reasons these are never performed fully.
References
edit- ^ Pranin, Stanley (2006). "Iwama-Style Aikido". The Encyclopedia of Aikido. Aikido Journal. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
- ^ Pranin, Stanley, Remembering Morihiro Saito Sensei, Aikido Journal, archived from the original on September 11, 2011, retrieved April 13, 2012
- ^ Pranin, Stanley (1996), "Is O-Sensei Really the Father of Modern Aikido?", Aikido Journal, 109, archived from the original on July 4, 2012, retrieved April 14, 2012
- ^ a b Saito, Hitohiro (September 2004), Statement of the Iwama Shinshin Aiki Shuren Kai Kaicho, retrieved April 13, 2012
- ^ "Saito Morihiro". Takemusu Aikido Association Israel. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
- ^ Kimura, Ikuko (2002). "Interview with Pat Hendricks". Aikido Journal. Archived from the original on September 9, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ "Takemusu Aikido Kyokai Website". Takeusaikidokyokai.org. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
- ^ "About Us: Takemusu Aikido Association". takemusu.org.
- ^ a b c Pranin, Stanley (1974), "Interview with Bill Witt", Aiki News, 6, archived from the original on September 11, 2011, retrieved April 16, 2012
- ^ Pranin, Stanley; Dan Palmer (1994). "Morihei Ueshiba & Morihiro Saito". Aikido Journal. 101. Archived from the original on September 11, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
- ^ ""The Iwama Aikido Conundrum," by Stanley Pranin". aikidojournal.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ Pranin, Stanley (May 1979). "Interview with Morihiro Saito Sensei - Part 2 (1979)". Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ Pranin, Stanley (April 1987). "Interview with Morihiro Saito - Part 1 (1987)". Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ Tanaka, Sonoko. "Interview with Hitohiro Saito". Archived from the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ "Traditional Aikido, 4 Levels, 4 Cornors" (PDF). February 5, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "1960-70's-Saito Sensei-and Bill Witt". www.saitosensei.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ "Hanmi - Hitoemi : Positions des pieds en images !". Aikido Blog (.net) (in French). 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ "Yamabiko no michi - Shoshin". Shoshin.
- ^ "Interview with Isoyama Hiroshi: the master of Iwama". GuillaumeErard.com. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ Eric Savalli. "Interview with SAITO Sensei". aikido-france.net. Archived from the original on 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ Pranin, Stanley (2012-07-21). "Interview with Morihiro Saito (1991)". aikidojournal.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ^ "Memories-Saito Sensei- Tributes & Memories". www.takemusu.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ Skoss, Meik. "Kashima Shinto-ryu". koryu.com.
- ^ "Ueshiba Morihei's Solo Staff Practice: Beyond Hidden in Plain Sight – 古現武道". Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ "3c Eng note 3 Aikido Ueshiba Kukishin". www.koryu.nl. Retrieved 2020-05-27.