The Golden Rose Synagogue (Ukrainian: Золота Роза, romanized: Zolota Roza; Polish: Złota Róża; Yiddish: די גאָלדען רויז, romanized: Di Golden Royz), known also as the Nachmanowicz Synagogue, or the Turei Zahav Synagogue (Hebrew: בית הכנסת טורי זהב) was an Orthodox Jewish synagogue, located in Lviv, in what is now the Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. The Golden Rose Synagogue, established in 1582 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was the oldest synagogue in what is now Ukraine. From September 1603 until 1801, the Golden Rose served as the main communal synagogue while the Great City Synagogue expanded its facilities.[1] Both the Golden Rose and Great City synagogues were destroyed by Nazis during World War II.
| Golden Rose Synagogue | |
|---|---|
Hebrew: בית הכנסת טורי זהב) | |
 The former synagogue, in 1901 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Orthodox Judaism (former) |
| Ecclesiastical or organisational status | Synagogue (1582–1941) |
| Status | Destroyed |
| Location | |
| Location | Lviv, Lviv Oblast |
| Country | Ukraine |
  Location of the destroyed synagogue in Ukraine | |
| Geographic coordinates | 49°50′46″N 24°01′47″E / 49.84611°N 24.02972°E |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Paweł Szczęśliwy |
| Type | Synagogue architecture |
| Style | Renaissance |
| Funded by | Yitzhak ben Nachman (Izak Nachmanowicz) |
| Completed | 1582 |
| Destroyed |
|
History
editA midtown plot of land was bought in 1580, and the synagogue was founded and funded in 1581 by Yitzhak ben Nachman (Izak Nachmanowicz), a financier to Stefan Batory, King of Poland. Therefore, the oldest name of the synagogue was the Nachmanowicz Synagogue.[2]
It was built in 1582 by Paulus Italus ("Paolo the Italian") from Tujetsch (Tschamut) village in canton Graubünden, Switzerland, a master builder known by his guild nickname Paweł Szczęśliwy (Paul the Fortunate, in Polish).[3]
In 1595, the same Paolo, assisted by Ambrogio Nutclauss (alias Ambroży Przychylny), by Adam Pokora, and by master Zachariasz (most probably, Zachariasz Sprawny, alias Zaccaria de Lugano) built a vestibule and a women's gallery in the synagogue. Men prayed in a hall that was spanned by a cloister rib vault with pointed lunettes above the windows. An alabaster Torah ark in renaissance style was located at the eastern wall. A bimah was located in the middle of the prayer hall. The building was topped by an attic in Mannerist style.[4][5]
In 1606 the building was confiscated by the Jesuits. In 1609, after paying a ransom of 20,600 guilders the synagogue was returned to the Jewish community. A local legend (first published in 1863) ascribed the merit of the restitution of the synagogue to Rosa bat Ya'akov, Yitzhak's daughter-in-law.[6] The synagogue was therefore also called the Golden Rose Synagogue after her. Rabbi Yitzhak ben Shemuel HaLevi composed in 1609 Shir Ge'ula (a Song of Deliverance) – which was read each year as a part of the shacharit prayer on Shabbat following Purim. The Song of Deliverance compared the return of the synagogue to the Jewish community to the salvation of the Jews from the Babylonian and Egyptian captivities.[7]
In 1654-67, rabbi David HaLevi Segal, called TaZ after his main work Sefer Turei Zahav, the younger brother of Yitzhak HaLevi and his pupil, prayed in this synagogue. For that reason the building was also named the TaZ Synagogue.
In 1941, the synagogue was desecrated, and in 1943 ruined by the Nazis.
There is a plaque commemorating the Golden Rose Synagogue: "Remnant of the old temple called 'Di Goldene Royz'. Built during 1580-1595 by the Nachmanowicz family in the memory of Nachmanowicz's wife. The building designed by the Italian architect Pablo Romano was destroyed by Nazis and burnt in summer 1942."[8]
The members of the Jewish community of Lviv desire a reconstruction of the synagogue "as it once was". The project by the Office of Historic Environment Preservation of Lviv City Council, commissioned 2016, envisages a commemorative space. "Rebuilding of the Golden Rose Synagogue is not foreseen in the plan."[9]
Conservation
editThe synagogue was located in the Old Town of Lviv, that was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 5 December 1998.[10]
In 2010, an initiative of the L’viv City Council, the Center for Urban History of East Central Europe, and the German Society for International Cooperation, The Space of Synagogues project was announced to commemorate the sites of the former Great City Synagogue, the former Golden Rose Synagogue, remnants of the Old Jewish Cemetery, and the site of the Janowska concentration camp. Some asserted that the project will contribute significantly to the conservation of the remains of the Golden Rose Synagogue.[11] Others, however, believed that the Center caters to the local government, which, in view of its support of a plan to build a hotel on the former synagogue site, has thwarted the restoration of the synagogue.[citation needed] After a design competition, the first stage was opened in 2016 featuring landscape designs by Franz Reschke,[12][13][14] with additional stages planned.[15]
In an article by Tom Gross published in The Guardian's "comment is free" section on September 2, 2011 under the headline "Goodbye Golden Rose" reported that the authorities in Lviv, contrary to Ukraine's laws designed to preserve historic sites, were allowing a private developer to demolish parts of the adjacent remnants of the synagogue complex in order to build a hotel, which would endanger the mikvah and other Jewish artefacts, as well as possibly the remaining outer walls of the synagogue itself.[16] Lviv officials refuted that information.[17] Reacting to international pressure generated by Gross's article, and by pressure from the Ukrainian president's office in Kyiv,[18] the city authorities ordered a halt to the hotel work in order to preserve the Jewish artefacts and to ensure the synagogue's outer walls would not be threatened. The mayor of Lviv also announced the city would proceed with long-delayed plans to build a Holocaust memorial near the Golden Rose Synagogue in the former Jewish quarter of Lviv's old town.
Controversy
editAdjacent to the site of the synagogue, Ukrainian entrepreneurs run a Jewish-themed restaurant, Under the Golden Rose, which opened in 2008.[19] The restaurant claims to honour the city's Jewish past. Diners are, for example, offered black hats with artificial sidelocks attached (suggestive of the traditional look of a religious Eastern European Jew); and, concerning the absence of prices from the menu, servers explain that it is Jewish tradition to bargain over the prices. Some local historians and members of the city's small Jewish community, as well as Jewish visitors from abroad, find such an approach kitschy and offensive, and argue that it fosters antisemitic stereotypes.[19][20][21][22][23]
Gallery
edit-
Interior of the synagogue -
-
Interior of the synagogue -
Exterior of the synagogue before restoration, 2007 -
Remains of the synagogue after restoration, 2017 -
Interior of the synagogue (1898)
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Remnants of the "Golden Rose" Synagogue". Virtual Shtetl. POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ Bałaban, Majer (1909). Dzielnica żydowska, jej dzieje i zabytki [Jewish Quarter, Its History and Monuments] (in Polish). L'viv. pp. 39, 60.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kowalczuk, Michał (1927). Cech budowniczy we Lwowie za czasów polskich (do roku 1772) [Builders' Guild of L'viv in Polish Times (before 1772)] (in Polish). L'viv. pp. 27–28.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Piechotka, Maria; Piechotka, Kazimierz (1999). Bramy nieba: Bożnice murowane na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej [Gates of Heavens: Masonry Synagogues in the Lands of the Old Commonwealth] (in Polish). Warsaw. pp. 151, 154–155.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kravtsov, Sergey R. (2006). "Turei Zahav Synagogue in L'viv" (PDF). Bet-tfila.org.info (in Polish). pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2007.
- ^ Suchystaw, Gabriel (1863). Matzevat kodesh (in Polish). Vol. 1. L'viv. pp. not paginated.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Gelber, Nathan Michael, ed. (1956). "Lvov". Entsiklopedia shel galuyot [Encyclopedia of Diaspora] (in Polish). Vol. 4. Jerusalem. p. 348.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Bartov, Omer (2007). "Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine". Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780691131214. OCLC 123912559.
- ^ Zorgdrager, Heleen (2017). The Jews of Lemberg. London: Vallentine Mitchell. p. 57. ISBN 9781910383278.
- ^ "L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre". World Heritage Site. UNESCO. 5 December 1998. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
- ^ "L'viv: Work to begin on "Space of Synagogues" memorial site". Jewish Heritage Europe. 19 July 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ Francisco, Jason (23 August 2016). "A New Day for the Golden Rose in L'viv". Jewish Heritage Europe. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ^ "The Space of Synagogues". Center for Urban History of East Central Europe. 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine: Inauguration of Space of Synagogues in L'viv". Jewish European Heritage. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine: Work on second stage of Lviv Space of Synagogues monument is about to get under way". Jewish European Heritage. 2 June 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ Grose, Tom (28 October 2010). "Goodbye, Golden Rose". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ "Садовий: На території "Золотої Рози" жодне будівництво не ведеться - Новини Львова" (in Ukrainian). Zaxid.net. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ Design by Maxim Tkachuk; web-architecture by Volkova Dasha; Yuriy Sokolov; templated by Alexey Kovtanets; programming by Irina Batvina; Maxim Bielushkin; Sergey Bogatyrchuk; Borshchanenko Maksym; Vitaliy Galkin; Victor Lushkin; Dmitry Medun; Igor Sitnikov; Vladimir Tarasov; Alexander Filippov; Sergei Koshelev; Yaroslav Ostapiuk; Viktor Voitenko. "Герман сравнила строителей гостиницы на месте львовской синагоги с большевиками, "танцующими на костях" » Новости политики Украины – Корреспондент" (in Ukrainian). Korrespondent.net. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ a b Liphshiz, Cnaan (3 April 2016). "My queasy night at Lviv's controversial Jewish eatery". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ^ Estrin, Daniel; Werman, Marco (9 February 2012). "Slideshow: Ukraine's Controversial Theme Restaurants". The World. Public Radio Exchange and WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ^ Ulam, Alex (1 December 2016). "What Went Wrong at the Golden Rose Synagogue?". Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ Schmidt, Alex (28 December 2019). "Reflections From A Jew At A Mock-Jewish Restaurant". Code Switch. United States: National Public Radio. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ Liphshiz, Cnaan (6 April 2016). "Is Lviv's 'Jewish' eatery purposefully anti-Semitic?". The Canadian Jewish News. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
External links
edit
- "Interactive Map". The Center for Urban History of East Central Europe. Lviv.
- "Brief history: Golden Rose Synagogue". The Center for Urban History of East Central Europe. Lviv.
- Gelston, Józef (1997). "Synagogi Lwowa" [Synagogues in Lviv] (in Polish). Wydawnictwo "Centrum Europy".
- Kravtsov, Sergey R. (2011). "Di Gildene Royze: The Turei Zahav Synagogue in L'viv". The Center for Jewish Art. Israel: Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- Wilkinson, Chris (18 November 2015). Traces Of The Golden Rose Synagogue – Beyond the End of a History in Lviv. Europe Between East & West Blog.
- "Goldene Rose (Taz, Turei Zahav, Nachmanowicz) Synagogue". The Bezalel Narkiss Index of Jewish Art: The Center for Jewish Art. Israel: Hebrew University of Jerusalem. n.d.