Wikipedia

Jackie Goldberg

Jacqueline Barbara Goldberg (born November 18, 1944) is an American politician, activist and former educator currently serving as a member of the Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education for District 5, a position she has held since 2019. Previously serving as a board member from 1983 until 1991, Goldberg has also served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council and the California State Assembly.

Jackie Goldberg
Goldberg in 2014
Member of the Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education
Incumbent
Assumed office
May 21, 2019
Preceded byRef Rodriguez
Constituency5th district
In office
July 5, 1983 – July 4, 1991
Preceded byTony Trias
Succeeded byJeff Horton
Constituency3rd district
President of the Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 17, 2023
Preceded byKelly Gonez
In office
July 10, 1989 – July 4, 1991
Preceded byRoberta L. Weintraub
Succeeded byWarren Furutani
Member of the California State Assembly
from the 45th district
In office
December 4, 2000 – November 30, 2006
Preceded byAntonio Villaraigosa
Succeeded byKevin de León
Member of the Los Angeles City Council
from the 13th district
In office
July 1, 1993 – December 2, 2000
Preceded byMike Woo
Succeeded byEric Garcetti
Personal details
Born
Jacqueline Barbara Goldberg

(1944-11-18) November 18, 1944 (age 80)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Sharon Stricker
​
(m. 2008)​
Residence(s)Echo Park, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
EducationUniversity of California, Berkeley (BA)
University of Chicago (MEd)

Participating in the Free Speech Movement while a student at the University of California, Berkeley, Goldberg was first elected to the Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education in 1983. In 1993, she was elected to the Los Angeles City Council for the 13th district, becoming the first openly lesbian candidate elected to the city council. Goldberg was later elected to the California State Assembly for the 45th district. After a period away from electoral politics, she was re-elected to the Board of Education in 2019.

While serving on the City Council, Goldberg spearheaded efforts to extend benefits to unmarried domestic partners and authored a significant ordinance that ensured a living wage and benefits for all City of Los Angeles employees. She was also credited by the business community with being instrumental in revitalizing Hollywood. In the State Assembly, she authored several education-related bills and passed legislation that granted LGBT couples rights similar to those of married spouses.

Early life and education

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Goldberg was born on November 18, 1944[1] in Los Angeles, California, to Ed Goldberg, a housewares salesman, and Ruth Goldberg, a teacher. She has a brother, Arthur, who is an activist and attorney. The family lived in Inglewood, California, where she attended Morningside High School.[2][3] She graduated early and attended University of California, Berkeley, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. She later went to the University of Chicago, where she graduated with a master's degree.[3]

While in high school, she became involved in activism. In 1964, she and Arthur became participated in the Free Speech Movement at Berkeley. Goldberg took a leading role and led the initial talks with the University of California administration to peacefully resolve the police car blockade before being replaced as the spokesperson by Mario Savio.[4][5] She was arrested during a nonviolent demonstration, which subsequently prevented her from securing a job within the Los Angeles Unified School District. After graduating from the University of Chicago, she became a teacher in the Compton Unified School District.[6]

LAUSD Board of Education

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In 1983, Goldberg ran for the Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education against 3rd district incumbent Tony Trias, who had been appointed three years earlier. Goldberg placed ahead of Trias in the primary election.[7][8] In the general election, Goldberg defeated Trias, with her victory contributing to a four-person liberal majority on the board, alongside the simultaneous election of Larry Gonzalez.[9] In the 1987 election, Trias again challenged Goldberg, but she defeated him again in the primary.[10][11]

During her first tenure as school president, the board implemented a year-round schedule to alleviate overcrowding in schools and established a program to give greater authority to the community, including teachers and parents. However, Goldberg expressed disappointment that many low income, immigrant, and minority students continued to struggle academically.[6] She faced criticism for her straightforwardness and was viewed as untrustworthy by some, particularly conservative board members. Her supporters argued that the criticism stemmed from her initiatives to reform the system and empower parents and teachers.[12] During the 1989 teachers' strike, Goldberg was one of three board members inclined to compromise with the teachers' union, and she attempted to reach an agreement before the strike occurred.[13] Two months later, Goldberg was elected as board president. However, board member Rita Walters cast the lone vote against Goldberg's election, expressing concern that Goldberg's election was from the board's preference for teachers over administrators.[14] She was later re-elected to the position on July 9, 1990.[15] In November 1990, Goldberg announced her retirement from the board and her intention to return to her career as a high school teacher.[16] She was succeeded by teacher Jeff Horton.[17]

 
Goldberg (far left) with Attorney General Rob Bonta during Read Across America Day.

On July 23, 2018, following the resignation of incumbent District 5 board member Ref Rodriguez due to perjury and other felony charges, Goldberg expressed interest in filling his seat. She clarified that she intended to serve only the remainder of his term if appointed but expressed the possibility of running in a special election if she were not appointed. Some parents wanted a Latino representative since the majority of the students were Latino, but Goldberg highlighted her endorsements from Latino leaders such as Dolores Huerta.[18] The board opted to schedule an election on March 5, 2019, followed by a runoff on May 14, 2019, while also deciding against pursuing an appointment process.[19][20] Goldberg announced her candidacy to complete the term as a candidate backed by the teachers' union.[21][22] Among ten candidates, she secured the top position and proceeded to a runoff against Heather Repenning.[23][24] In the runoff, Goldberg achieved a landslide victory over Repenning, signaling a significant shift in the board's power dynamic toward union-backed members, as the board had previously been majority pro-charter.[25][26][27] In the 2020 election, she was challenged by teacher Christina Martinez Duran. Goldberg faced opposition from Manhattan Beach businessman Bill Bloomfield, who ran attack ads against her. The advertisements accused Goldberg of putting children at risk of gun violence and linked her to a sexual misconduct scandal at Miramonte Elementary, which Goldberg denounced as "vicious lies."[28][29] Despite Bloomfield's efforts, Goldberg defeated Martinez Duran and was re-elected to a second term.[30][31]

In her first days back on the board, Goldberg challenged the aid provided to charter schools and pushed for the passing of Measure EE, a school funding measure.[32] In July 2020, following the George Floyd protests, Goldberg co-wrote a resolution with board member Mónica García to reduce the school police budget by $25 million.[33][34] In January 2023, Goldberg was elected as the president of the Board of Education, replacing Kelly Gonez.[35] In her second tenure as president, she focused on making meetings understandable and accessible to the public, explaining how the board conducted its business, and ensuring that meetings and public comments started on time.[36] She also led the board in providing LGBTQ+ support following anti-LGBTQ+ protests at Saticoy Elementary School.[37][38] Prior to the three-day teachers' strike in 2023, Goldberg led talks between the teachers' union and the district.[39] These negotiations broke down after union organizers accused the district of breaking confidentiality.[40] Goldberg admitted to this, explaining that she wanted to congratulate the organizers and was unaware it was supposed to be a secret.[41] She was re-elected as board president on December 12, 2023.[42][43] In August 2023, Goldberg announced that she would be retiring from the board in 2024 and stepping away from electoral politics.[36]

Los Angeles City Council

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Goldberg as part of the Los Angeles City Council.

In 1993, Goldberg entered the race for the Los Angeles City Council's 13th district seat after incumbent Michael Woo opted not to seek re-election, instead making an unsuccessful mayoral bid. Joining Goldberg in the election were notable figures from the gay community, including AIDS health care executive Michael Weinstein and television executive Conrado Terrazas.[44] Future councilmember Tom LaBonge, who was serving as an aide to council president John Ferraro at the time, also ran in the election.[45][46] She and LaBonge advanced to a runoff, with Goldberg receiving endorsements from high-profile Democrats like Gloria Molina and aiming to perform well in ethnically diverse urban areas. LaBonge concentrated his campaign efforts on districts outside Hollywood, targeting conservative, Anglo-American homeowners.[47][48] Both traded accusations of holding to special interests, with LaBonge accusing Goldberg of taking special-interest money, and Goldberg claiming LaBonge accepted campaign funds from real estate developers.[49] In the subsequent runoff election, Goldberg defeated LaBonge, becoming the first openly lesbian candidate to win a seat on the City Council.[50]

While in the City Council, Goldberg introduced a motion to extend health insurance coverage to unmarried domestic partners of city employees.[51] The decision drew criticism for its timing, given the city's ongoing budget deficit.[52] However, it was also praised for enabling more people to get coverage, with proponents arguing that the costs would be minimal.[53] Goldberg led the revitalization of the Hollywood area after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, in which she and her staff helped the Federal Disaster Assistance with giving supplies. She also assisted in forming the Yucca Corridor Coalition, which helped renovate the crime-ridden area, and developed a successful slum abatement program that held landlords accountable.[54][55][56] In 1995, she and her wife, Sharon Stricker, co-founded an after-school enrichment initiative for students.[57]

After her 2000 election to the State Assembly, Goldberg resigned from her seat on the City Council. She advocated for the appointment of her chief of staff, Sharon Delugach, to fill the vacancy, but the council ultimately decided against an appointment.[58] The election to succeed her saw a variety of candidates, including her brother, Arthur, former councilmember Woo, former candidate and Goldberg's staffer Terrazas, activist Bennett Kayser, assemblyman Scott Wildman, and Eric Garcetti, the son of Los Angeles County District Attorney Gil Garcetti.[59] Garcetti and Woo advanced to a runoff, where Garcetti ultimately won the election.[60]

California State Assembly

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Goldberg (center) with the California Legislative LGBT Caucus

In 1999, Goldberg entered the 2000 election for the California State Assembly to succeed Antonio Villaraigosa, who was termed out and running for Mayor of Los Angeles in 2001.[61] Initially facing competition from AIDS activist Cesar Portillo and legal services director Antonio de la Rosa, the latter withdrew from the race, leaving Goldberg and Portillo as the remaining candidates.[62][63] During the campaign, Portillo accused Goldberg's campaign of spreading rumors about his arrest nine years earlier by an undercover policeman in a whispering campaign, and publicly disclosed this information to address the allegations. However, Goldberg's campaign denied these claims.[64] In the primary, Goldberg secured a landslide victory over Portillo, and subsequently proceeded to win the general election unopposed.[65][66] She was re-elected in 2002 and 2004 before being termed out.[67][68][69] She was a founding member of the California Legislative LGBTQ Caucus in June 2002 alongside Mark Leno, Sheila Kuehl, John Laird, and Christine Kehoe.[70][71]

While in the Assembly, Goldberg served as the chair of the Committee on Education and authored several education-related bills. These efforts included legislation to expedite school construction, a bill that gave teachers more say in textbook selection and curriculum development, and an attempt to ban Native American mascots in schools, which was ultimately blocked.[72][73][74] She also wrote a bill that eliminated some of the differences between domestic partnerships and traditional marriages. The bill gave same-sex couples financial obligations to each other and to any children, responsibility for each others' debts, and the ability to own property and file taxes jointly.[75][76] After she termed out, she was succeeded by labor organizer Kevin de León, who defeated Christine Chavez, the granddaughter or Cesar Chavez, and Elena Popp, the candidate endorsed by Goldberg.[77][78]

Personal life

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Goldberg is lesbian and Jewish, and is married to Sharon Stricker, a poet and activist. The couple met in 1976 and moved to Echo Park three years later.[79] They were married on March 8, 2004, in San Francisco during the city's same-sex weddings.[80] Goldberg and Stricker have an adopted son named Brian Stricker Goldberg, whom they raised together.[81]

After first retiring from politics in 2006, Goldberg taught for several years as part of the UCLA Teacher Education Program and joined UCLA's Center X.[82] When Roy Romer was nearing retirement as Superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District, Goldberg was rumored to be campaigning for an appointment to the office, although she denied having any interest in the position.[83]

Electoral history

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Electoral history of Jackie Goldberg
Year Office Party Primary General Result Swing Ref.
Total % P. Total % P.
1983 LAUSD Board of Education 3rd Nonpartisan 10,954 39.27% 1st 14,073 65.45% 1st Won N/A [84]
1987 Nonpartisan 12,788 63.98% 1st Runoff cancelled Won N/A [85]
1993 Los Angeles City Council 13th Nonpartisan 7,218 34.14% 1st 11,753 51.43% 1st Won N/A [86]
1997 Nonpartisan 13,823 100.00% 1st Runoff cancelled Won N/A [87]
2000 California State Assembly 45th Democratic 26,098 60.16% 1st 57,092 100.00% 1st Won Hold [88][66]
2002 Democratic 14,372 100.00% 1st 39,952 85.58% 1st Won Hold [89][67]
2004 Democratic 16,524 100.00% 1st 62,091 75.95% 1st Won Hold [90][68]
2019 LAUSD Board of Education 5th Nonpartisan 15,935 48.18% 1st 20,552 71.62% 1st Won N/A [91][92]
2020 Nonpartisan 65,081 58.40% 1st Runoff cancelled Won N/A [93]

References

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  1. ^ Outes, Marylouise (April 20, 1982). "40th Birthday for a Radical of '60s". Los Angeles Times. p. 67.
  2. ^ Melinkoff, Ellen (November 17, 1985). "EVENTS Children's Expo '85, an educational family..." Los Angeles Times.
  3. ^ a b "Jackie Goldberg: Profile of a Tough Liberal". June 6, 1983. p. 102.
  4. ^ Cohen, Robert (April 18, 2021). "Don't Erase Women's Leadership in the Berkeley Free Speech Movement". History News Network.
  5. ^ Rosenfield, Seth (October 10, 2004). "Mario Savio's FBI Odyssey / How the man who challenged 'the machine' got caught in the gears and wheels of J. Edgar Hoover's bureau". SFGATE.
  6. ^ a b Merl, Jean (March 10, 1991). "Los Angeles Times Interview : Jackie Goldberg : Fighting the Good Fight for a Better L.A. School District". Los Angeles Times.
  7. ^ Roderick, Kevin (June 2, 1983). "Slumbering Issue of Busing Revived as School Board Race Centerpiece". Los Angeles Times. p. 32.
  8. ^ "Schools: Things Are Looking Up". Los Angeles Times. April 14, 1983.
  9. ^ Roderick, Kevin (June 8, 1983). "Liberals Win Control of L.A. Board of Education". Los Angeles Times. p. 14.
  10. ^ Woo, Elaine (February 20, 1987). "Teachers Union to Oppose Two on School Board". Los Angeles Times. p. 39.
  11. ^ Ramos, George (April 15, 1987). "L.A. School Board's Walters, Goldberg Lead Pack in Vote". Los Angeles Times. p. 3.
  12. ^ Savage, David G. (March 25, 1984). "Vocal School Activist Stirs Ire of Board". Los Angeles Times. p. 40.
  13. ^ Jordan, Joel (September–October 1989). "LA Teachers Win in the Streets". Against the Current. Marxists Internet Archive.
  14. ^ Mednick, Amy (July 11, 1989). "Goldberg to head board". News-Pilot. San Pedro. p. 3.
  15. ^ "School Board Reelects Goldberg". Los Angeles Times. July 9, 1990. p. 163.
  16. ^ "Goldberg Quitting". Los Angeles Times. November 10, 1990. p. 35.
  17. ^ "Horton Leading for Goldberg Seat; Race for Walters' Is Close". Los Angeles Times. April 10, 1991. p. 17.
  18. ^ Stokes, Kyle (August 22, 2018). "This LAUSD Board Seat Will Stay Empty Until Next Spring. Who Looks Out For The Schools Until Then?". LAist.
  19. ^ "LAUSD Board calls special election to fill Ref Rodriguez seat". Los Angeles Daily News. August 21, 2018.
  20. ^ Blume, Howard (August 21, 2018). "Vacant school board seat could remain unfilled for months". Los Angeles Times.
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  22. ^ Weingarten, Steve (1 December 2018). "Strike? Stand with L.A. teachers to win the schools students deserve". CFT – A Union of Educators and Classified Professionals. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
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  25. ^ Kohli, Sonali; Díaz, Alexa; Pineda, Dorany (May 14, 2019). "Jackie Goldberg returns to L.A. school board with resounding election win". Los Angeles Times.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ "Jackie Goldberg wins LAUSD special election". ABC7. May 15, 2019.
  27. ^ Stokes, Kyle (May 14, 2019). "She's Back: Jackie Goldberg Reclaims Seat On LAUSD Board". LAist.
  28. ^ Blume, Howard (February 18, 2020). "A surprise big spender funds attack campaign mailers in key L.A. school board races". Los Angeles Times.
  29. ^ Stokes, Kyle (February 25, 2020). "Those Nasty LAUSD School Board Campaign Ads: What's Fact? What's Opinion?". LAist.
  30. ^ "Jackie Goldberg heading to victory in District 5 school board race". The Eastsider LA. March 4, 2020.
  31. ^ Strauss, Vanessa (March 4, 2020). "Good news likely for union opposing charters in L.A. school board vote". The Washington Post.
  32. ^ Blume, Howard (May 21, 2019). "Goldberg joins L.A. Unified school board, immediately challenges aid to charter schools". Los Angeles Times.
  33. ^ Fuller, Thomas; Wright, Will (July 7, 2020). "Los Angeles School District Cut Its Police Budget, Then the Chief Resigned". The New York Times.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ "Los Angeles schools cut police budget to fund an achievement plan for Black students". USA Today. February 18, 2021.
  35. ^ Blume, Howard (January 17, 2023). "Goldberg elected L.A. school board president amid tense labor negotiations". Los Angeles Times.
  36. ^ a b Blume, Howard (August 2, 2023). "Jackie Goldberg, George McKenna, LAUSD 'pillars,' will not seek school board reelection". Los Angeles Times.
  37. ^ Ring, Trudy (June 10, 2023). "L.A. School Board President Gives a Lesson on LGBTQ+ Inclusion". The Advocate.
  38. ^ Blume, Howard (June 8, 2023). "L.A. school officials double down on LGBTQ+ support in wake of protests". Los Angeles Times.
  39. ^ Blume, Howard; Campa, Andrew J. (March 15, 2023). "Massive three-day LAUSD teacher and staff strike set for Tuesday, closing all schools". Los Angeles Times.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Ables, Kelsey; Meckler, Laura. "Employee strike shuts down Los Angeles schools for 420,000 students". The Washington Post.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "All LAUSD schools closed Tuesday due to strike". CBS News. March 21, 2023.
  42. ^ Harter, Clara. "LAUSD school board reelects Jackie Goldberg as its president". Los Angeles Daily News.
  43. ^ Blume, Howard (December 13, 2023). "Jackie Goldberg, bold supporter of LGBTQ+, Jewish, Muslim students, to lead L.A. school board". Los Angeles Times.
  44. ^ "LOS ANGELES : AIDS Activist to Run for Woo's City Council Seat". Los Angeles Times. October 9, 1992.
  45. ^ Rainey, James (January 22, 1993). "3 Gay Leaders to Seek Council Seat in 13th District : Politics: Ex-school board President Jackie Goldberg, health care executive Michael Weinstein and TV executive Conrado Terrazas will try to replace Woo". Los Angeles Times.
  46. ^ Ohland, Gloria. "Embarrassment of Riches". LA Weekly. p. 12.
  47. ^ Russel, Ron (May 30, 1993). "Goldberg, LaBonge Head Into Tight Contest". Los Angeles Times. p. 56.
  48. ^ Russel, Ron (May 13, 1993). "ELECTIONS / L.A. CITY COUNCIL : Also-Rans May Still Play a Key Role : Politics: Although Goldberg and LaBonge emerged from 13th District primary, endorsements from candidates they vanquished could influence the June runoff". Los Angeles Times.
  49. ^ Russel, Ron (May 30, 1993). "CENTRAL AREA : Goldberg, LaBonge Trade Accusations". Los Angeles Times.
  50. ^ "Goldberg says her victory gives gays a new voice". Pasadena Star-News. June 10, 1993. p. 6.
  51. ^ Rainey, James (November 16, 1993). "Goldberg to Seek Benefits for Unmarried Partners". Los Angeles Times. p. 39.
  52. ^ "Benefits vote costly, ill-timed". News-Pilot. December 1, 1993. p. 4.
  53. ^ Boxall, Bettina (November 17, 1993). "Benefits for Unmarried Partners Lauded : Health: Measure would extend medical and dental coverage to domestic partners of city employees. Proponents say cost will be negligible". Los Angeles Times.
  54. ^ Rainey, James (March 5, 1995). "Profiles in Power : Can Jackie Goldberg Teach L.A. a Lesson? : Experiencing One of the Hottest Political Debuts in City History, the Councilwoman is Calling for an Urban Vision That's Defiantly Liberal". Los Angeles Times.
  55. ^ Proffitt, Steve (June 1, 1997). "Jackie Goldberg". Los Angeles Times.
  56. ^ Bernstein, Sharon (November 3, 2002). "Revitalization a Matter of Time in Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. p. 72.
  57. ^ Yang, Eleanor (March 14, 1999). "Luring Students to Literature". Los Angeles Times. p. 424.
  58. ^ Daunt, Tina (December 2, 2000). "Council Bids Goldberg Farewell as She Moves On to Assembly". Los Angeles Times.
  59. ^ "Candidates Focus Attention on Histories of Activism". Los Angeles Times. March 26, 2001.
  60. ^ McGreevy, Patrick; Fox, Sue (June 6, 2001). "Garcetti Defeats Woo; Hayden Trailing Weiss". Los Angeles Times.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  65. ^ "Term Limits Call Tune for Lawmakers". Los Angeles Times. March 8, 2000. p. 123.
  66. ^ a b "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 7, 2000" (PDF). Secretary of State of California.
  67. ^ a b "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 5, 2002" (PDF). Secretary of State of California.
  68. ^ a b "Presidential General Election - Statement of Vote, November 2, 2004" (PDF). Secretary of State of California.
  69. ^ Gold, Scott (April 29, 2006). "Family Ties May Falter in Fierce Race". Los Angeles Times.
  70. ^ Castillo, Elizabeth (January 21, 2019). "California's LGBT caucus thrives, because sometimes, lawmaking is personal". The Desert Sun.
  71. ^ Lawrence, Steve (February 16, 2003). "Closet reform". Santa Cruz Sentinel. p. 11.
  72. ^ Bustillo, Miguel (May 29, 2002). "Bill to Ban Indian Mascots Is Blocked". Los Angeles Times.
  73. ^ "Assembly to vote on textbook bill teachers favor / Unions, districts would form 'partnership' for selection process". SFGATE. May 23, 2002.
  74. ^ "Assembly rejects ban on U.S. Indian team names". SFGATE. May 29, 2002.
  75. ^ Vogel, Nancy (September 4, 2003). "Bill Giving Gay Partners More Legal Rights Sent to Governor". Los Angeles Times.
  76. ^ Salladay, Robert (March 25, 2003). "Gay legislators step up push for rights / 9 bills seek to extend protections". SFGATE.
  77. ^ Gold, Scott (May 6, 2006). "Mayor Endorses Assembly Candidate". Los Angeles Times.
  78. ^ Zahniser, David (June 7, 2006). "Unequal Division of Labor". LA Weekly.
  79. ^ Engel, Mary (March 6, 2008). "Same-sex union -- it's personal". Los Angeles Times.
  80. ^ Gordon, Rachel (March 9, 2004). "State lawmaker joins S.F.'s gay wedding waltz / Republicans demand Newsom halt same-sex marriages and focus on city's 'critical issues'". SFGATE.
  81. ^ Hall, Carla (August 8, 1993). "L.A. Councilwoman Seeks to Move Beyond Stereotypes : Politics: She is open about her family life, but Jackie Goldberg says don't label her 'the gay council member.'". Los Angeles Times.
  82. ^ Rogers, John. "Politics and Hope: Jackie Goldberg on creating fair and adequate funding for California's schools". UCLA Center X.
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  84. ^ "Campaign '83". Los Angeles Times. April 14, 1983. p. 7.
  85. ^ "The Vote". Los Angeles Times. April 16, 1987.
  86. ^ Russell, Ron (June 10, 1993). "LOCAL ELECTIONS : Big Turnout a Factor in Several Close Calls : Council: 13th District winner Jackie Goldberg worked hard to get people to vote. And 48% of those registered did". Los Angeles Times.
  87. ^ "CITY OF LOS ANGELES PRIMARY NOMINATING ELECTION FINAL - OFFICIAL RESULTS". Los Angeles City Clerk. April 22, 1997.
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  90. ^ "Primary 2004 / California". The Sacramento Bee. March 4, 2004. p. 7.
  91. ^ "General Law and Charter City Elections March 5, 2019". Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk.
  92. ^ "LAUSD District 5 Special Runoff Election May 14, 2019". Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk.
  93. ^ "Presidential Primary Election". Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk. March 3, 2020.
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