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Jack pine

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This article is about the tree. For the painting by Tom Thomson, see The Jack Pine.

Jack pine (Pinus banksiana), also known as grey pine[6] or scrub pine,[6][7] is a North American pine.

Jack pine
Young jack pine

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Section: P. sect. Trifoliae
Subsection: P. subsect. Contortae
Species:
P. banksiana
Binomial name
Pinus banksiana
Native range
Synonyms[3][4][5]
  • Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Dum.Cours.
  • Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw. nom. illeg.
  • Pinus hudsonica Poir.
  • Pinus rupestris Michx.f.
  • Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata Aiton

Distribution and habitat

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Its native range in Canada is east of the Rocky Mountains from the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories to Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, and the north-central and northeast of the United States from Minnesota to Maine, with the southernmost part of the range just into northwest Indiana and northwest Pennsylvania.[8]

Taxonomy

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In the far west of its range, Pinus banksiana hybridizes readily with the closely related lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). The species epithet banksiana is after the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks.[9]

Description

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Pinus banksiana ranges from 9–22 m (30–72 ft) in height. Some jack pines are shrub-sized, due to poor growing conditions. They do not usually grow perfectly straight, resulting in an irregular shape similar to pitch pine (Pinus rigida). This pine often forms pure stands on sandy or rocky soil. Many populations are adapted to stand-replacing fires, with the cones remaining closed for many years, until a forest fire kills the mature trees and opens the cones, reseeding the burnt ground. Other populations have not been shaped by regular stand-replacing fires and have reduced serotiny.[10][11] A population on the Maine coast is apparently not reliant on fire for reproduction,[12] and some stands have developed several age classes.[13] Populations with lower serotiny are often found on soils that are in some way limiting to faster-growing competition, such as soils shallow to bedrock, shallow to water table, or very young soils.[14]

Its leaves are needle-shaped, evergreen, in fascicles of two, needle-like, straight or slightly twisted, stiff, sharp-pointed, light yellowish-green, spread apart; edges toothed and 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long. The bundle-sheath is persistent. The buds are blunt pointed, up to 15 mm long, reddish-brown, and resinous. On vigorous shoots, there is more than one cyclic component. The bark is thin, reddish-brown to gray in color in juvenile stages. As the tree matures it becomes dark brown and flaky. The wood is moderately hard and heavy, weak, light brown colour. The seed cones vary in shape, being rectangular to oval, cone shaped, straight or curved inward.[15] The cones are 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) long, the scales with a small, fragile prickle that usually wears off before maturity, leaving the cones smooth.

Unusually for a pine, the cones normally point forward along the branch, sometimes curling around it. That is an easy way to tell it apart from the similar lodgepole pine in more western areas of North America. The cones on many mature trees are serotinous. They open when exposed to intense heat, greater than or equal to 50 °C (122 °F).[16] The typical case is in a fire, however cones on the lower branches can open when temperatures reach 27 °C (81 °F) due to the heat being reflected off the ground.[17]

Ecology

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Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), a formerly endangered bird, depends on pure stands of young jack pine in a very limited area in the north of the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of Michigan for breeding. Most known nesting areas are limited to Crawford, Oscoda, and Ogemaw counties.[18] Mature jack pine forests are usually open and blueberries are often abundant in the understory.

Young jack pines are an alternate host for sweet fern blister rust (Cronartium comptoniae). Infected sweet ferns (Comptonia peregrina) release powdery orange spores in the summer and nearby trees become infected in the fall. Diseased trees show vertical orange cankers on the trunk and galls on the lower branches. The disease does not tend to affect older trees.[19]

Jack pines are also susceptible to scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella abietina). This disease manifests by yellowing at the base of the needles. Prolonged exposure may lead to eventual death of the tree.[19]

Insects that attack jack pine stands include the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi), jack pine sawfly, and jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus).[19]

Fossil evidence shows the jack pine survived the glacial period in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains.[20]

Commercial uses

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Like other species of pine, Pinus banksiana has use as timber, although its wood tends to be knotty and not highly resistant to decay. Products include pulpwood, fuel, decking, and utility poles.[9]

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References

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  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus banksiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42346A2974230. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42346A2974230.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ NatureServe (2024). "Pinus banksiana". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  3. ^ "Pinus banksiana Lamb.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  4. ^ "Pinus divaricata". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. ^ "Pinus divaricata". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens.
  6. ^ a b New Brunswick House of Assembly (1847). Reports Relating to the Project of Constructing a Railway and a Line of Electro-magnetic Telegraph Through the Province of New Brunswick from Halifax to Quebec. J. Simpson.
  7. ^ Burns, R.M. (1990). "Pinus banksiana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
  8. ^ Grimm, William Carey (1962). The Book Of Trees. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. p. 55.
  9. ^ a b "Pinus banksiana Lamb" (PDF). Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Library, United States Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
  10. ^ Gauthier, Sylvie; Bergeron, Yves; Simon, Jean-Pierre (1996). "Effects of Fire Regime on the Serotiny Level of Jack Pine". Journal of Ecology. 84 (4): 539–548. doi:10.2307/2261476. ISSN 0022-0477.
  11. ^ Pelletier, Emmanuelle; de Lafontaine, Guillaume (February 2023). "Jack pine of all trades: Deciphering intraspecific variability of a key adaptive trait at the rear edge of a widespread fire‐embracing North American conifer". American Journal of Botany. 110 (2). doi:10.1002/ajb2.16111. ISSN 0002-9122.
  12. ^ Conkey, Laura E.; Keifer, Mary Beth; Lloyd, Andrea H. (January 1995). "Disjunct jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) structure and dynamics, Acadia National Park, Maine". Écoscience. 2 (2): 168–176. doi:10.1080/11956860.1995.11682281. ISSN 1195-6860.
  13. ^ Barton, Andrew M.; Grenier, Daniel J. (April 2008). "Dynamics of jack pine at the southern range boundary in downeast Maine". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38 (4): 733–743. doi:10.1139/X07-176. ISSN 0045-5067.
  14. ^ Chun, Young Moon; Choi, Young D. (October 2012). "Structure, Species Composition, and Soil Characteristics in a Chronosequence of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) Stands on the Southern Shore of Lake Michigan". The American Midland Naturalist. 168 (2): 408–426. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-168.2.408. ISSN 0003-0031.
  15. ^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Tufts, Craig; Mathews, Daniel; Nelson, Gil; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Purinton, Terry; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
  16. ^ Cameron, H. (1953). "Melting Point of the Bonding Material in Lodgepole Pine and Jack Pine Cones". Silviculture Leaflet (86).
  17. ^ Wyse, Sarah V; Brown, Jerusha E; Hulme, Philip E (2019-11-01). Zenni, Rafael D (ed.). "Seed release by a serotinous pine in the absence of fire: implications for invasion into temperate regions". AoB Plants. 11 (6): plz077. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plz077. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 6900966. PMID 31844510.
  18. ^ "USFWS: Managing the forest for the Kirtland's warbler". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
  19. ^ a b c Blouin, Glen. An Eclectic Guide to Trees: east of the rockies. 2001. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario. pp 152-159.
  20. ^ Trees of Canada; Author John Laird Farrar
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