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Iamhere (social movement)

(Redirected from Jagärhär)
The correct title of this article is #iamhere. The omission of the # is due to technical restrictions.

#iamhere, also spelt #IAmHere, is a social movement that uses counter-speech to counter hate speech and misinformation on social media, mainly Facebook. It began as a Swedish Facebook group called #jagärhär, and the umbrella organisation for the movement is iamhere international (I Am Here International), is headquartered in Sweden. Each affiliate is named in the language of the country, such as #IchBinHier in Germany, and followed by the country name when in English, such as #iamhere India.

iamhere international
#jagärhär
Nickname#iamhere
Formation2016
Foundersv:Mina Dennert
Founded atSweden
ServicesCountering hate and misinformation
MethodsUsing counterspeech on social media
Membership (2021)
150,000
LeaderMina Dennert
Websiteiamhereinternational.com

As of 2021 there are over 150,000 members of the affiliated groups, which span 19 countries across Europe, North America, Asia and Australasia. It is described in a July 2021 study published by Facebook as "the world’s largest, citizen-driven, anti-online-hate movement".

History

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#iamhere was started in May 2016 as a Swedish Facebook group,[1] #jagärhär (meaning "I am here"), by Iranian-born journalist Mina Dennert.[2] During one of their campaigns in 2018, relating to Swedish lawyer of the year Linnéa Claeson, the group managed to shift the tone of the conversation, and the daily Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet began moderating comments on its posts.[3]

Dennert won the Anna Lindh Prize in 2017 "for supporting just and democratic ideals", and has been the recipient of other awards, but has also suffered much personal abuse,[3] as well as death threats and bullets by mail.[4]

In February 2021, the World Health Organization hosted a webinar featuring Francesca Ulivi, journalists, the board member of iamhere international and founder of the Italian group #iosonoqui, and Xavier Brandao, network development officer of I Am Here International and co-founder and president of the French group JeSuisLà. The discussion began by talking about the problems of the infodemic relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.[5][6]

How it works

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The movement, which is self-described as a "civil courage movement",[7] welcomes diverse views and strives to promote democracy and freedom of speech.[1] It is a form of social activism that uses a softer approach than many online activists.[8]

Members of the individual groups are invited to find articles on social media, and moderators scan news articles and their comment threads. Where dangerous speech, hate speech, or misinformation is posted, the item is posted in the group (known as an "action"[9]). Members may choose to comment on them in a way that is respectful, but countering the hate or misinformation, followed by the hashtag, or may support other members' comments. Recent hate speech has included racism and Islamophobia, and popular targets include LGBTI people and issues, women, anything to do with climate change, in particular Greta Thunberg, and First Nations peoples.[10][11] Members' comments are hashtagged so that other members of the group can easily find them.[12] The movement's groups instigate an estimated 10,000 actions per year.[9]

Members sometimes find themselves confronted by organised groups of internet trolls, or "troll armies". German research has shown that "coordinated right-wing extremist online hate campaigns" had tripled between December 2017 and mid-2019.[2] #iamhere members serve to interrupt and disrupt hate speech, and also to help to protect victims of cyberbullying.[13] #iamhere members have been doxxed and threatened.[2] Counter-speaking as a group helps to make group members feel braver and well-supported, as individuals trying to do the work on their own, they often become targets themselves and may suffer emotionally.[12] The groups encourage individuals to speak up, and participate in debate in a way that is constructive and factual,[14] using their own individual perspectives; they are not told what to write.[9] Members are encouraged not to engage with trolls,[8] but rather to post alternative viewpoints using facts, logic and compassion.[15] The target audience of the actions are primarily readers of the comments sections, not those who post misinformation and hate, including "vulnerable observers" who may be attracted to the hate speech.[9]

Organisation

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As of 2021 the movement comprises more than 150,000 members[1] over 16 groups,[7] with the umbrella organisation, headquartered in Sweden and run by Dennert, known as #iamhere international or I Am Here International.[1]

As of May 2021 there are groups in Sweden (the biggest group, with 72,300 members[16]), Germany, Italy, France, Slovakia, Poland, the UK, Spain, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, India, Canada, the US and Australia. There are Swiss members in the Italian and French groups, and Belgian members in the French group, while the UK group also covers Ireland.[7][10] Each affiliate is named in the language of the country, such as #IchBinHier in Germany,[2] and jesuislà in France,[7] and followed by the country name when in English, such as #iamhere India.[12]

Collaborations

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In February 2020 the Stop Funding Hate campaign joined I Am Here in a Valentine's Day action to combat hatred and extremism, inspired by the founder of the #ExtinguishHate campaign begun by the man who fought off a terrorist in the 2019 London Bridge stabbing.[18]

Commentary and analysis

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In 2017 Deutsche Welle published an article about the German group, #ichbinhier. It commented that the group's success may be measured by the fact that "right-wing extremists themselves now complain on Facebook that the group is trying to deprive them of their right to free speech".[17]

A 2017–8 study by the Dusseldorf Institute for Internet and Democracy looking at the German groups actions on 167 news articles over three months concluded that they "increased the average level of online discussion for rationality, constructiveness, civility and politeness".[9]

In mid-2019 Fox News ran a piece on the group's activities on Facebook, comparing its effectiveness in combating hate speech on the platform with Facebook's own mechanisms for doing so.[19]

A 2019 article in the BBC's "Trending" series asks if Facebook, which does provide the volunteer groups with some practical support, should be doing more itself to counteract hate speech and provide better moderation on its platform.[2]

In a 2019 report on the worldwide rise of the violent white supremacist movement published by independent thinktank on global security The Soufan Center, I Am Here is given as an example of useful counter-speech in the online space, where it performs an important function in helping to keep a check on extremist rhetoric and inaccurate dogma by providing facts and alternative viewpoints.[20][21]

In 2020 anthropologist Cathy Buerger, Director of Research at the Dangerous Speech Project, an organisation based in Washington, DC] that focuses on the relationship between speech and violence, published the first known quantitative study of efforts to counter online hate speech, and called #jagärhär "the best-organized collective effort to respond directly to hatred online". Observations by Swedish members concluded that although the numbers of hateful comments may not have decreased, the increase in the number of counterspeakers has changed the proportions, so that others who are reading a comment thread are less likely to conclude that the hateful comments express the prevailing view. While there were some reservations among members about ongoing use of the tag, including getting accused of being members of some kind of sect, or censors, they spoke of the positive aspects of the model, in particular that it can help prevent burnout, which can be the reason for the failure of many social change initiatives.[22]

A research paper published in New Media & Society in March 2021 looked at "how netroots organizations strategically act upon digital resource abundance and particularly focuses on how resources are mobilized and managed and how netroots organizations create organizational structures on social media". Using three Swedish netroots organisations operating on social media, Not racist but, #Iamhere and #wecannotstandit as empirical cases, the study looks at the strategies used by these groups. It examines how online resources are mobilised and how each group manages its organisational structure. The authors suggest that the organisations have to act "like a Phoenix, the Greek mythological bird, as they constantly need to ‘reinvent’ themselves by being present and active on social media in order to maintain their digital resource abundance".[23]

In an April 2021 paper published by the Institute for Governance and Policy Studies at Victoria University of Wellington/Te Herenga Waka in New Zealand, David Bromell discusses counter-speech and online civic interventions. Referring to "online civic intervention", or OCI, (defined by other scholars as "action taken by ordinary users to fight disruptive online behavior with the aim of restoring civil and rational public discourse"), Bromell gives I Am Here as an example of a group using "high-threshold OCI", where the subjects actively engage with those who post hate speech.[24][25]

A June 2021 European Union study "to assess the impact of foreign disinformation targeting ethnic, racial and cultural minorities in the EU" lists I Am Here as one of seven successful initiatives as an action against disinformation, along with the "Get the Trolls Out!" campaign led by the Media Diversity Institute and Stop Funding Fake News, among others.[26]

In July 2021 Facebook published a collection of articles under its "Courage Against Hate" initiative, which includes I Am Here International as one of six case studies of organisations which combat hate speech and extremism using counter-speech and other methods.[27] The case study describes the movement as "the world’s largest, citizen-driven, anti-online-hate movement..." and concludes that the "#iamhere methods have been shown to be efficient and effective... [they] reduce the collective and personal burden of hatred and open new spaces for participants in social media where they can express themselves, expanding freedom and diversity of speech". However it is not enough on its own; there needs to be a broad and collective ownership among a variety of actors.[9]

An as yet (as of July 2021) unpublished study by the Dangerous Speech Project looks at the psychological effect of engaging in counter-speech as part of a group, and reports a "contagion effect" which boosts the courage of individual members of the group and keeps them engaged.[9]

A 2022 study by Marike Bormann of the University of Düsseldorf looked at a "differentiated typology of perceived incivility", which included the perceptions of #iamhere participants, as identified in a 2020 study by Ziegele et al.[28][29]

Awards

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Mina Dennert won the Anna Lindh Prize in 2017 "for supporting just and democratic ideals",[3][30] and #jagärhär won "Integration of the Year" at the Faktum gala,[31] among other Swedish awards.

The German group, #ichbienhier, has won two awards: the Grimme Online Award in 2017,[32] and a Deutschen Engagementpreis (category Demokratie stärken) in 2019.[33]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Who We Are". iamhere international. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Bateman, Jessica (9 June 2019). "'#IAmHere': The people trying to make Facebook a nicer place". BBC News. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Eyre, Makana; Goillandeau, Martin (15 January 2019). "Here, here: the Swedish online love army who take on the trolls". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  4. ^ "#Jagärhär (#Iamhere)". My OBT. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Countering health misinformation in the comments section, with #iamhere!". WHO. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  6. ^ Countering health misinformation in the comments section, with #iamhere! on YouTube
  7. ^ a b c d "Home". iamhere international. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  8. ^ a b Kent, Thomas (2 June 2020). "Activists Against Digital Lies". The American Interest. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "05: The Kaleidoscope of Counterspeech: From The "Silent Majority" to the "Vulnerable Observer"". Courage Against Hate (PDF) (Report). Facebook. July 2021. pp. 70–83. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Helgeson, Alena (15 April 2020). "Interview: Alena Helgeson on #iamhere, counterspeaking, and creating a more compassionate world". Institute for Canadian Citizenship/ Institut pour la citoyenneté canadienne (Interview). Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  11. ^ a b Mertz, Emily (17 January 2020). "Counter-speaking group trying to make social media a better place". Global News. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  12. ^ a b c "Combating hate speech through counterspeech". Berkman Klein Center. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  13. ^ Schirch, Lisa (2021). Social Media Impacts on Conflict and Democracy: The Techtonic Shift. Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-000-37891-7. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Hackathon: 28 & 29 November 2020". Overkill. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  15. ^ Quan, Douglas (4 January 2020). "How digital activists around the world are trying to change the tone of social media". National Post. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  16. ^ "#jagärhär". Facebook. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  17. ^ a b "German anti-hate speech group counters Facebook trolls". Deutsche Welle. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  18. ^ "Let's #ExtinguishHate this Valentine's Day". Stop Funding Hate. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  19. ^ Carbone, Christopher (10 June 2019). "#IAmHere on Facebook: How thousands of users combat hate speech on the social network". Fox News. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  20. ^ White supremacy extremism: The transnational rise of the violent white supremacist movement (PDF) (Report). The Soufan Center. p. 50. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  21. ^ "The Soufan Center Team". The Soufan Center. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  22. ^ Buerger, Cathy (14 December 2020). "The Anti-Hate Brigade: How a group of thousands responds collectively to online vitriol". Dangerous Speech Project. Retrieved 24 December 2021. PDF
  23. ^ Johansson, Håkan; Scaramuzzino, Gabriella (3 March 2021). "The Phoenix syndrome: Netroots organizations strategies to gain and maintain digital resource abundance". New Media & Society. 24 (12). SAGE Publications: 146144482199903. doi:10.1177/1461444821999032. ISSN 1461-4448.   Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
  24. ^ "Working papers - Institute for Governance and Policy Studies". Victoria University of Wellington. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  25. ^ Bromell, David. 7. Counter-speech and civility as everyone's responsibility (PDF). Working Paper 21/08 (Report). After Christchurch: Hate, harm and the limits of censorship. Victoria University of Wellington and Center for Advanced Internet Studies (Germany). Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  26. ^ Szakács, Judit; Bognár, Éva (June 2021). The impact of disinformation campaigns about migrants and minority groups in the EU (PDF). In-depth analysis. European Parliament. Directorate-General For External Policies. doi:10.2861/693662. ISBN 978-92-846-8251-5. Retrieved 29 July 2021. This study was originally requested by the European Parliament's Special Committee on Foreign Interference in all Democratic Processes in the European Union, including Disinformation (INGE)... English-language manuscript completed on 24 June 2021.
  27. ^ "Resource: Courage against Hate". Media Diversity Institute. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  28. ^ Bormann, Marike (11 April 2022). "Perceptions and Evaluations of Incivility in Public Online Discussions—Insights From Focus Groups With Different Online Actors". Frontiers in Political Science. 4. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.812145. ISSN 2673-3145. PDF
  29. ^ Ziegele, M., Naab, T. K., and Jost, P. (2020). "Lonely together? Identifying the determinants of collective corrective action against uncivil comments". New Media Soc. 22 (5): 731–751. doi:10.1177/1461444819870130. S2CID 218624080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Mossberg, Hans-Åke (16 August 2017). "#jagärhär får Anna Lindhs pris". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  31. ^ Tornbrant, Hanna; Linné, Peter (22 February 2017). "Magda och Malena - två av Faktumgalans stora vinnare". Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  32. ^ "Statement der Jury". Grimme Online Award (in German). Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  33. ^ "Preisverleihung 2019". Deutscher Engagementpreis (in German). Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2022.

Further reading

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