Jalalabad (/dʒəˈlæləˌbæd/; جلال آباد [d͡ʒä.lɑː.lɑː.bɑːd̪]) is the fifth-largest city of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 356,274,[3] and serves as the capital of Nangarhar Province in the eastern part of the country, about 130 kilometres (80 mi) from the capital Kabul. Jalalabad is located at the junction of the Kabul River and the Kunar River in a plateau to the south of the Hindu Kush mountains.[4] It is linked by the Kabul-Jalalabad Road to the west and Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to the east through Torkham and the Khyber Pass.
Jalalabad
جلالآباد | |
|---|---|
City | |
 .jpg)     From top counter-clockwise: An aerial view of a section of Jalalabad, Irrigation fields in Jalalabad, Jalalabad Cricket Stadium, Jalalabad in January 2011, Jalalabad Bridge, Governor's House in Jalalabad | |
  Jalalabad Location in Afghanistan  Jalalabad Jalalabad (Hindu-Kush) | |
| Coordinates: 34°26′03″N 70°26′52″E / 34.43417°N 70.44778°E | |
| Country |  Afghanistan |
| Province | Nangarhar Province |
| Founded | 1570 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Qari Ehsanullah Sajid[1] |
| Area | |
| • Land | 122 km2 (47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 575 m (1,886 ft) |
| Population (2021)[2] | |
| • Total | 280,685 |
| [2] | |
| Time zone | UTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Standard Time) |
| Climate | BWh |
Jalalabad is a leading center of social and trade activity because of its proximity with the Torkham border checkpoint and border crossing, 65 km (40 mi) away.[5] Major industries include papermaking, as well as agricultural products including oranges, lemon, rice, and sugarcane, helped by its warm climate.[6] It hosts Afghanistan's second largest educational institute, Nangarhar University. For centuries the city was favored by Afghan kings[7] and it has a cultural significance in Afghan poetry.[4] During Timur Shah's reign of the Durrani Empire, Jalalabad served as the Afghan winter capital.[8]
History
editAncient and medieval
editKnown at the time by names such as Nagarhara and Adinapur, Jalalabad was a major center of Greco-Buddhist culture during the late 1st millennium BCE, focused on sites such as Ahin Posh.
The first surviving references to the city are in early 1st millennium CE accounts by visiting Chinese Buddhist monks. In or about 400 CE, Faxian visited "Nagarhara" and worshiped at sacred Buddhist sites, such as the "Cave of the Buddha's Shadow” (佛影窟).[9] In 630 CE, Xuan Zang, visited "Adinapur" and other locations nearby.
The Buddhist era began to end after the region was conquered by Muslim forces during the late 1st Millennium. However, conversions to Islam evidently did not occur quickly. In Hudud-al-Alam, written in 982 CE, there is reference to a village near Jalalabad where the local king had Muslim, Buddhist and Hindu wives.[10]
The region became part of the Ghaznavid Empire in the 10th century. Sabuktigin annexed the land all the way west of the Neelum River in Kashmir. "The Afghans and Khiljies who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Sabuktigin, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to Ghazni."[11] The Ghurids succeeded the Ghaznavids and expanded the Islamic empire further into Hindustan. The region around Jalalabad later became part of the Khalji territory, followed by that of the Timurids.[12]
Modern
editIt is said that the original name of Jalalabad was Adinapur or Nagar(a)hara.[13] Jalalabad was named in the last decade of the sixteenth century in honour of Mughal ruler Jalal-uddin Mohammad Akbar, the grandson of the founder of the Mughal Empire: Babur. Babur had chosen the site for this city which was built by his grandson in 1560.[14]
It remained part of the Mughal Empire until around 1738 when Nader Shah and his Afsharid forces defeated the Mughals. Nader Shah's forces were accompanied by the young Ahmad Shah Durrani and his 4,000-strong Afghan army from southern Afghanistan. In 1747, he founded the Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) after re-conquering the area. The Afghan army has long used the city while going back and forth during their military campaigns into the Indian-subcontinent.
In 1834, Dost Mohammad Khan subjugated Jalalabad in his campaign to Jalalabad.[15]
The British-Indian forces invaded Jalalabad in 1838, during the First Anglo-Afghan War. In the 1842 Battle of Jellalabad, Akbar Khan besieged the British troops on their way to Jalalabad. In 1878, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the British again invaded and set up camps in Jalalabad but withdrew two years later.[16]
Jalalabad is considered one of the most important cities of the Pashtun culture. Seraj-ul-Emarat, the residence of Amir Habibullah and King Amanullah was destroyed in 1929 when Habibullah Kalakani rose to power; the other sanctuaries however, retain vestiges of the past. The mausoleum of both rulers is enclosed by a garden facing Seraj-ul-Emart. The Sulemankhils, a Pashtun family famous for their scientific research, is from Jalalabad. Other celebrated Pashtun families originate from the villages near Jalalabad too.
In the 1960s and 1970s, construction started on a new planned city called Reg-e Shamshad Khan.[17]
From 1978 to early 1990s, the city served as a strategic location for the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In March 1989, two Mujahideen rebel factions backed by Pakistan and the U.S. assaulted the city during the Battle of Jalalabad. However government forces managed to drive them out within two months, which was a major setback to the resistance fighters and the ISI.[18] The city was heavily bombarded and hundreds of civilians were killed. Many buildings, such as schools, hospitals and public buildings were destroyed during the 2-month battle.[19]
After the resignation of President Najibullah, Jalalabad quickly fell to mujahideen rebels of Yunus Khalis on April 19, 1992.[20] On September 12, 1996, the Taliban took control of the city until they were toppled by the US-backed Afghan forces in late 2001. Al-Qaeda had been building terrorist training camps in Jalalabad. The city returned to Afghan government control under Hamid Karzai.
The economy of Jalalabad gradually increased in the last decade. Many of the city's population began joining the Afghan National Security Forces. Construction has also increased. The Jalalabad Airport has long served as a military base for the NATO forces. In 2011, the U.S. Embassy in Kabul announced that it plans to establish a consulate in Jalalabad.[21] In March 2007, US marines murdered 19 unarmed civilians and wounded 50 near Jalalabad, in an incident compared by the New York Times to the Haditha massacre. None of those responsible received any serious punishment.[22] Many suicide attacks by jihadist insurgents have taken place, including in August 2013, April 2015, January 2018, July 2018, September 2018, October 2019 and August 2020. The groups responsible for the attacks include the Taliban, Haqqani Network, al-Qaeda, and ISIS (Daesh).
On August 15, 2021, the Taliban again took control of the city.[23][24] Its capture cut off the last highway from Kabul to the outside world, and the city fell later the same day. Three days later on August 18, protestors took down the Afghan Taliban flag and replaced it with a tricolor flag of the previous Afghan government.
Demographics
editThe city population is estimated to be 280,685 in year 2021.[2] It has six districts and a total land area of 12,796 hectares (31,620 acres). The total number of dwellings in this city is 39,586.[25]
Nearly all residents of Jalalabad are Muslim, followers of Sunni Islam. Jalalabad is also a center of the country's Sikhs, although the community has dwindled in the city (and nationwide) since the wars began.[26][27] Similarly it is also has a Hindu minority.[28]
Land use
editJalalabad is the regional hub in eastern Afghanistan, close to the border with Pakistan. Agriculture is the predominant land use at 44%, higher density of dwellings is found in Districts 1–5 and vacant plots are largely clustered in District 6. Districts 1–6 all have a grid network of roads.[25]
Climate
edit
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Jalalabad's climate is hot desert (Köppen: BWh), and it is one of the hottest localities in Afghanistan.[29] The city's climate has close resemblance to that of Arizona in the United States.[30] It receives six to eight inches (152 to 203 mm) of rainfall per annum which are limited to winter and the months of spring. Frosts are not common, and during the summer, the temperature can reach a maximum of 120 °F (49 °C).[31]
The north and southwestern parts of the city which has lower elevation are welcoming places to winds from the north and west cooling the parts in summer months. Jalalabad has the highest relative humidity in summer compared to other Afghan cities. However the moderate temperatures of winter has led to various people down the history establishing their settlements in the city.[31] Because of its warm temperature relative to most of Afghanistan, Jalalabad (alongside Peshawar) was often the "winter capital" of various Afghan rulers of the past centuries,[8][32] while rich people would relocate to villas in Jalalabad to avoid the freezing temperatures in Kabul.[33]
| Climate data for Jalalabad | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.0 (77.0) |
28.8 (83.8) |
34.5 (94.1) |
40.5 (104.9) |
45.4 (113.7) |
47.5 (117.5) |
44.7 (112.5) |
42.4 (108.3) |
41.2 (106.2) |
38.2 (100.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
47.5 (117.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
34.7 (94.5) |
40.4 (104.7) |
39.3 (102.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.9 (71.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
31.9 (89.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
21.5 (70.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
24.7 (76.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
14.8 (58.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −14.1 (6.6) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 18.1 (0.71) |
24.3 (0.96) |
39.2 (1.54) |
36.4 (1.43) |
16.0 (0.63) |
1.4 (0.06) |
6.9 (0.27) |
7.7 (0.30) |
8.3 (0.33) |
3.2 (0.13) |
8.3 (0.33) |
12.1 (0.48) |
181.9 (7.17) |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 39 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 61 | 60 | 62 | 59 | 47 | 40 | 52 | 58 | 56 | 55 | 58 | 63 | 56 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 180.9 | 182.7 | 207.1 | 227.8 | 304.8 | 339.6 | 325.9 | 299.7 | 293.6 | 277.6 | 231.0 | 185.6 | 3,056.3 |
| Source: NOAA (1964–1983) [34] | |||||||||||||
Flora and fauna
editJalalabad is home to a large number of fruits. Various types of citrus fruits like orange, tangerine, grapefruit, lemon, lime grow in gardens as well as in orchards.[31] The orange trees yield a crop only once in three years. The narindj variety of orange is the most common one which has yellow skin and its taste is a combination of orange and grapefruit. The grapefruits grown here have a diameter of eight or nine inches. Per year 1800 tonnes of pomegranates, 334 tonnes of grapes, and 7750 tonnes of mulberries are produced in Jalalabad.[35] The fruits are either sold in local markets or transported to Kabul markets from where they are exported. The second most common crop is local vatani variety of sugarcane. It contains 15% sugar by weight.[36] Jalalabad also has the largest date farm in Afghanistan.[37]
Transportation
edit
The Jalalabad Airport (also known as Nangarhar Airport) is located roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast from the city's center. It is a domestic airport for civilian use.[38] It serves the population of Nangarhar and neighboring provinces.
There are proposals for the establishment of Afghanistan's rail network linking Jalalabad with Pakistan Railways, allowing for increased trade of goods, people and commerce between the two countries.[39]
Jalalabad is connected by main roads with the Afghan capital of Kabul, the city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and several nearby Afghan cities and towns. All trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan passes through this city. The highway between Jalalabad and Kabul was resurfaced in 2006, reducing the transit time between these two important cities. This highway is considered to be one of the most dangerous in the world because of the large number of accidents.[40] An improvement in the road networks between Jalalabad and Peshawar has also been proposed,[by whom?] with the intention of widening the existing road and improving security to attract more tourists and allow for safer passage of goods between to the two countries.
General places of interest
editThe Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium is next to the Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town, which is about 15 miles (24 km) of driving distance southeast of Jalalabad. The people of Jalalabad go there not only for sports purposes but also for enjoyment and relaxation. This is especially during holidays or when they receive visiting family or friends from another place. It is also a popular hangout for those with cars.
- Hotels
- Spinghar Hotel
- Sultan Hotel and Restaurant
- White House Hotel
- Mosques
- Akhunzada Mosque
- Spin Mosque
- Parks
- Abdul Haq Park (located next to the city's main stadiums)
- Amir Habibullah Khan Park (across the street from Siraj-ul-Emarat Park)
- Aryan Park (located in the southwestern section of the city)
- Farm Hada Park (located in southern part of the city)
- Siraj-ul-Emarat Park (located next to House of Governor)
- Mausoleums
- Mausoleum of King Amanullah Khan (Siraj-ul-Emarat Park)
- Mausoleum of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
- Mausoleum of Mohammad Gul Khan Momand
- Hospitals
- Al Shifa Modern Hospital
- Bakhtar Hospital
- Baidara Hospital
- Hassanzai Curative Hospital
- Jalalabad Regional Hospital
- Jalalabad Medical Complex
- Khair-un-Nisa Medical Complex
- Spingha Momand Hospital
- Malalai Curative Hospital
- Nangarhar Teaching Hospital
- Naseri Hospital
- Rokhan Hospital
- Universities
- Shopping centers
- Hejaz Super Market
- Jada Super Store
- Nakamura Super Store
Sports
edit
The province is represented in domestic cricket competitions by the Nangarhar province cricket team. National team member Hamid Hasan was born in the province and he currently represents Afghanistan in international cricket. The Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium is the first international standard cricket stadium in Afghanistan. It is located in the Ghazi Amanullah Town, a modern suburb on the southeastern fringe of Jalalabad in Nangarhar Province. Construction on the stadium began in March 2010 when the foundation stone was laid by Minister of Finance and president of the Afghanistan Cricket Board, Omar Zakhilwal. The project, which was developed on 30 acres of land donated by the developer constructing the Ghazi Amanullah Town, cost up the first phase of construction $1.8 million. The first phase, which took one year to complete, included the completion of the stadium itself. The remainder of the phases will see the construction of a pavilion, accommodation for players and administrative buildings. The stadium, which has a capacity of 14,000, was completed before the national team and under-19 team left for Canada and the Under-19 Cricket World Cup Qualifier in Ireland respectively. The two sides inaugurated the stadium in a Twenty20 match. It is hoped that the stadium will be able to attract international teams to play Afghanistan, who currently have One Day International status until at least 2013.
- Professional sports teams from Jalalabad
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nangarhar Leopards | Afghanistan Premier League | Cricket | Sharjah Cricket Stadium | 2018 |
| Speenghar Tigers | Shpageeza Cricket League | Cricket | Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium | 2013 |
| De Spin Ghar Bazan F.C. | Afghan Premier League | Football | Nangarhar Football Stadium | 2012 |
- Stadiums
- Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium (around 15 miles (24 km) southeast from Jalalabad, next to Ghazi Amanullah Town)
- Nangarhar Football Stadium (next to Abdul Haq Park and House of Governor)
- Behsud Cricket Stadium (next to Abdul Haq Park and House of Governor)
International sister cities
editNotable people
edit- Rashid Khan, cricketer
- Amanullah Khan, Emir and King of Afghanistan (1919–1929), buried in the city
- Abdul Ghaffar Khan, buried in the city
- Mohammad Gul Khan Momand, buried in the city
- Tetsu Nakamura, lived and died in the city
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Zarifi, Yousaf (18 August 2021). "Control food prices, Nangarharis urge Taliban". Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ a b c "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021–22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities report2015". Archived from the original on 31 October 2015.
- ^ a b "Afghan poets dream of peace in Pashtun Jalalabad | Arts & Ent, Culture | THE DAILY STAR". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Jalālābād". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "CLIMATE OF AFGHANISTAN – Afghanistan photos". Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ Burns, John F. (11 May 1989). "Inside Jalalabad: A Sad, Crumbling Shel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ a b Wright, Colin. "Jellalabad, the bastion where General Elphinstone and others were buried during the seige [sic] 1841–42". www.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Kuwayama, Shoshin (2012). "The Hephthalites in Tokharistan and Northwest India". In Liu, Xinru (ed.). India and Central Asia. Permanent Black. p. 240. ISBN 978-8178243474.
- ^ Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-631-19841-3.
- ^ "AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN". Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ Hewitt, Cooper. "Afghanistan | Countries | Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum". collection.cooperhewitt.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897–98 Page 55
- ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (2011). Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East : Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Scarecrow Press. p. 264. ISBN 9780810878150.
- ^ Noelle, Christine (1997). State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Psychology Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781138982871.
- ^ "Jalālābād | Afghanistan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "Afghanistan, through a lifetime with Hashmat Ghani: Part 2". 6 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ Rupert, James (8 July 1989). "AFGHANISTAN REBELS LOSE KEY BATTLE". Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2018 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
- ^ "3Afghan". Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "Afghan rebels capture Jalalabad". UPI.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ Naadem, Bashir Ahmad (24 February 2011). "US to open consulates in more provinces". Pajhwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ Fintan O'Toole, 'Our Hypocrisy on War Crimes,' Archived 2022-08-21 at the Wayback Machine New York Review of Books 26 May 2022 pp. 10–13, p. 12.
- ^ "Taliban sweep into Afghan capital after government collapses". ABC News.
- ^ "Taliban capture Afghanistan's Jalalabad, cut off Kabul from east". Al Jazeera. 15 August 2021. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ a b "The State of Afghan Cities report 2015". Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ Najibullah, Farangis. "'When Are You Going Back?' Afghanistan's Sikhs, Strangers In Their Own Land". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Kumar, Ruchi. "The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Bearak, Barry (23 May 2001). "Taliban Propose an Identity Label for the 'Protection' of Hindus (Published 2001)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Afghanistan – Drainage". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Michel, p. 29
- ^ a b c Michel, p. 30
- ^ Latifi, Ali M. "Afghanistan halts independence festivities after wedding massacre". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=144825 [dead link]
- ^ "Jalal Abad Climate Normals 1964–1983". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Michel, p.32
- ^ Michel, p.33
- ^ "Nangarhar to produce 15 tonnes of dates this year". Pajhwok Afghan News. 9 September 2021. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ "Civilian Flights Resume at Nangarhar Airport". TOLOnews. 18 June 2022. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ "Work on Jalalabad railways station launched". Pajhwok Afghan News. 3 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
- ^ Filkins, Dexter (7 February 2010). "A Highway in Afghanistan Presents Scenes of Beauty and Death". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ "San Diego Jalalabad Sister Cities". San Diego Jalalabad Sister Cities. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
Further reading
editPublished in the 19th century
edit- Edward Balfour (1885), "Jalalabad", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
Published in the 20th century
edit- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 130.
External links
edit
