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James Albert Bonsack

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James Albert Bonsack (October 9, 1859,[1][2] – June 1, 1924) was an American inventor who developed an early cigarette rolling machine in 1880, and patented it the following year.

James A. Bonsack
Born(1859-10-09)October 9, 1859
Died(1924-06-01)June 1, 1924

Early life

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James A. Bonsack was born in eastern Roanoke County, Virginia. His father, Jacob Bonsack, owned a woolen mill where James learned about industrial machinery. In 1878 he was admitted to the Lutheran Roanoke College, but decided to withdraw to work on designing a cigarette rolling machine.[3][4] After building a successful prototype and patenting his invention, he registered the Bonsack Machine Company of Virginia on March 27, 1883.[3] Following a court battle of alleged patent infringement by the inventor of a competing rolling machine, Bonsack paid $18,000 to buy out the competitor's patent claim.[5][3]

Bonsack Cigarette Machine

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Prior to that time, cigarettes had been rolled by hand. Readymade cigarettes were a luxury item, but were becoming increasingly popular.[6] The slow manual fabrication process—a skilled cigarette roller could produce only about four cigarettes per minute on average[7]—was insufficient to satisfy demand by the 1870s. In 1875, the Allen and Ginter company in Richmond, Virginia, offered a prize of $75,000 (equivalent to $2.1 million in 2023) for the invention of a machine able to roll cigarettes.

Bonsack took up the challenge and left college to devote his time to building such a machine.[6] In 1880, he had a first working prototype, which was destroyed by a fire while in storage at Lynchburg, Virginia.[7] Bonsack rebuilt it and filed a patent application on September 4, 1880.[6] The patent was granted the following year (U.S. patents 238,640[2] from March 8, 1881 and 247,795[8] from October 4, 1881). Allen and Ginter had ordered a Bonsack machine but quickly rejected it, eager to save their prize money and fearing that consumers would balk at a machine-made product.[9]

Bonsack's partnership with tobacco industrialist James Buchanan Duke made full commercial use of the invention, which could produce 120,000 cigarettes in 10 hours,[7] (200 per minute), and thereby revolutionized the cigarette industry.[6][10] Duke set a deal with the Bonsack Machine Company in 1884. Duke agreed to produce all cigarettes with his two rented Bonsack machines and in return, Bonsack reduced Duke's royalties from $0.30 per thousand to $0.20 per thousand. Duke also hired one of Bonsack’s mechanics, resulting in fewer breakdowns of his machines than his competitors’.[11] This secret contract resulted in a competitive advantage over Duke's competitors; he was able to lower his prices further than others could. Bonsack's machine was so efficient that by 1888, Duke had laid off all the company's cigarette rollers, who had been replaced by Bonsack's machine.[12]

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    Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine, as shown on U.S. patent 238,640
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    Bonsack Cigarette Machine, 1888
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    Bonsack machine model
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    James A. Bonsack was 22 when he invented his machine

Legacy

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The census-designated place of Bonsack, Virginia, located in Roanoke County, was named after James Bonsack, who lived in this town located along Route 460 between Roanoke and Bedford.[13]

References

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  1. ^ Ancestry of James Albert Bonsack Archived 2007-10-20 at the Wayback Machine. URL last accessed 2006-10-11.
  2. ^ a b U.S. patent 238,640 Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, with diagrams. URL last accessed 2006-10-11.
  3. ^ a b c "History of the Bonsack Machine Company". State Archives of North Carolina.
  4. ^ Stark-Rankins, Amanda. "Feed, Roll, Paste and Cut: A revolutionary invention". Living Virginia. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017.
  5. ^ Bonsack Mach. Co. v. Elliott, 69 F. 335 (2nd Cir. 1895)
  6. ^ a b c d Bennett, W.: The Cigarette Century[permanent dead link‍], Science 80, September/October 1980. URL last accessed 2006-10-11.
  7. ^ a b c Bonsack's cigarette machine Archived 2006-11-13 at the Wayback Machine. URL last accessed 2006-10-11.
  8. ^ U.S. patent 247,795 Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, with diagrams. URL last accessed 2006-10-11
  9. ^ Brandt, Allan M. The cigarette century : the rise, fall, and deadly persistence of the product that defined America. ISBN 0-465-07048-5. OCLC 1040961514.
  10. ^ "3. James B. Duke, the Bonsack Cigarette Machine, and the Origins of the American Tobacco Company". The Dukes of Durham, 1865-1929. Duke University Press. 2020. pp. 26–55. doi:10.1515/9780822379355-004. ISBN 9780822379355. S2CID 242426958.
  11. ^ Brandt, Allan M. (2006). The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books. pp. 29. ISBN 9780465070473.
  12. ^ "The Bonsack Machine and Labor Unrest," ANCHOR, North Carolina in the New South (1870-1900) Factories and Mill Villages
  13. ^ Prince Edward County seal – wheat sheaf vs tobacco hand Archived 2017-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, The Farmville Herald, Prince Edward County, September 24, 2004

Further reading

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  • Tilley, N. M.: The bright-tobacco industry, 1860 - 1929; Arno Press, 1972; ISBN 0-405-04728-2.
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