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Yan Gamarnik (birth name Jakov Tzudikovich Gamarnik (Russian: Я́ков Цу́дикович Гама́рник)), sometimes known as Yakov Gamarnik (Russian: Я́ков Гама́рник; 14 June [O.S. 2 June] 1894 – 31 May 1937), was the Chief of the Political Department of the Red Army from 1930 to 1937, Deputy Commissar of Defense 1930—1934 and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia 1928–1930.
Yan Gamarnik | |
|---|---|
Ян Гамарник | |
.jpg) Gamarnik on a 1964 Soviet stamp | |
| First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia | |
| In office 4 December 1928 – 3 January 1930 | |
| Preceded by | Vilgelm Knorinsh |
| Succeeded by | Konstantin Gey |
| First Secretary of the Kyiv Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Bolsheviks) | |
| In office 25 April 1921 – July 1923 | |
| Preceded by | Post established |
| Succeeded by | Hryhoriy Hrynko |
| Head of the Political Directorate of the Red Workers' and Peasants' Army | |
| In office 1 October 1929 – 31 May 1937 | |
| President | Kliment Voroshilov |
| Preceded by | Andrei Bubnov |
| Succeeded by | Pyotr Smirnov |
| Full member of the 15th, 16th Orgburo | |
| In office 17 November 1929 – 10 February 1934 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jakov Tzudikovich Gamarnik 14 June [O.S. 2 June] 1894 Zhytomyr, Volhynian Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | 31 May 1937 (aged 42) Moscow, Soviet Union |
| Nationality | Soviet |
| Political party | Russian Communist Party (1917–1937) |
| Children | Viktoria Kochneva |
| Alma mater | St Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute |
| Awards | Order of the Red Banner (1928) Order of Lenin (1933) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Soviet Union |
| Branch/service | Army |
| Years of service | 1919–1937 |
| Rank | Army Commissar of 1st rank |
| Unit | 58th Rifle Division |
| Commands | Army Political Administration (1929–37) |
Biography
edit
Gamarnik was born in Zhytomyr in a Jewish family as Jakov Tzudikovich Gamarnik. He attended the St Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute and the Law School of Kyiv University. In 1917 he became a member and the secretary of the Kyiv Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1921 to 1923 Gamarnik was a chairman of the Kyiv city council (see Mayor of Kyiv). During his administration, Kyiv was divided into five districts. He went through many Communist Party positions, both civil and military, e.g. a First Secretary of the Belarusian Communist Party of Belorussia from December 1928 to October 1929.[1]
He was instrumental in preparing the 10-year development plan for the Far-Eastern region of the USSR. He was a member of the Central Committee elected by the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). He attended the Plenum of 23 February 1937.[citation needed]
An idealist, Gamarnik was a staunch supporter of Marshal Tukhachevsky's drive to make USSR a military superpower. In 1937 Gamarnik was accused of participating in an anti-Soviet conspiracy after the Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization; however, shortly before the trial, he had actually been called upon by the Soviet government to be one of the judges for the accused. He insisted on Tukhachevsky's innocence and was soon killed by Stalin's men.[2] Only after this was he added to the list of conspirators. He was rehabilitated posthumously by the CC CPSU and Nikita Khrushchev in 1955.[citation needed]
Family
editGamarnik's sister, Klaudia (born 1905) left school at 14, joined Komsomol in Kyiv in 1921, joined the communist party in 1927, and was working in the prosecutor's office in Moscow when she was expelled from the party on 13 June 1937, arrested on 13 August, and sentenced to eight years in labour camps.[3] Her husband, Andrei Bogomolov, (1902–38), a secretary of the Moscow party committee, was arrested on 17 August 1937, sentenced to death on 25 April 1938, and shot the same day.[4] They had two children, who were aged eight and two in 1937. In 1953, she appealed to have her criminal record removed, but the appeal was turned down on the grounds that she had consorted with 'enemies of the people', including her husband.[3]
Honours and awards
edit- Order of Lenin (22 February 1933)
- Order of the Red Banner (20 February 1928)
- The town Suchan was named Gamarnik in his honour (1932–1937)
References
edit- ^ Belarus
- ^ Krivitsky, Walter G. (2000). In Stalin's secret service. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-03-2.
- ^ a b Bogomolova, Klaudia. "Заявление К.Б. Богомоловой-Гамарник Н.С. Хрущеву о реабилитации. 20 ноября 1954 г. (Application by K.B.Bogolomova-Gamarnik to N.S.Khrushchev for rehabilitation, 20 November 1954)". Реабилитация: как это было. Документы Президиума ЦК КПСС и другие материалы. Март 1953 — февраль 1956. Международный фонд "демократия" (Moscow). Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "Богомолов Андрей Николаевич (1902)". Открытый список. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
Sources
edit- Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, Oxford University Press, May 1990, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-505580-2 pp 201–202;
- Several versions of Gamarnik biography
- Gamarnik in the Fleet, with photo
- Trotsky about Gamarnik and others
- Profile at Handbook on the history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898 – 1991