Jarasandha

Jarasandha
Jarasandha
	Jarasandha fighting with Balarama, shown multiple times in the picture
Information
Gender	Male
Family	Brihadratha (father); Two princesses of Kashi (mothers);
Children	Sahadeva and Jayatsena (sons); Asti and Prapti (daughters, wives of Kamsa)
Kingdom	Magadha
Predecessor	Brihadratha
Successor	Sahadeva
Weapon	Gada
Dynasty	Brihadratha dynasty

Jarasandha (Sanskrit: जरासन्ध, romanized: Jarāsandha) is a king featured in the Hindu literature. He is the powerful monarch of Magadha, and a minor antagonist in Mahabharata. He is the son of the king Brihadratha, the founder of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha. According to popular lore, the descendants of Brihadratha ruled Magadha for 2600 years followed by Pradyota Dynasty and the Haryanka dynasty. He is mentioned in the Mahabharata and the Vayu Purana. He is also mentioned as the ninth pratinarayana^{[further explanation needed]} in the Jain text Harivamsa Purana.

Etymology

The word Jarasandha has been explained as a combination of two Sanskrit words: jara (जरा) and sandha (सन्ध), "joining". The meaning of Jarasandha is "the one who is joined by Jara".^[1]^[2]

Legend

Birth and early life

Jarasandha's father, King Brihadratha, was married to the twin daughters of the king of Kashi. Brihadratha loved both his wives equally but had no sons. The sage Chandakaushika visited his kingdom and gave fruit to the king as a boon. The king divided the fruit equally between both of his wives. Soon, both wives became pregnant and gave birth to two halves of a human body.^[3] These two lifeless halves were very horrifying to view, so Brihadratha ordered to be thrown in the forest. An asuri named Jara found the two halves and picked up one with her right hand, one with her left, holding each piece in her palm. When she brought both of her palms together, the two pieces joined, becoming a living child. The child cried loudly, which caused Jara to panic. Not having the heart to eat a living child, Jara took the baby to the king and explained to him all that had happened. The father was overjoyed to see his son, and named the baby "Jarasandha" in honor of Jara the Asuri.^[4]^{[citation needed]}

Conflicts with Balarama and Krishna

Battle between Balarama and Jarasandha. Illustration from a Bhagavata Purana series.

Kansa, the ruler of Mathura, acquired Jarasandha's attention. Impressed with his bravery, Jarasandha made Kamsa his son-in-law by marrying off his two daughters. This makes Jarasandha a relative of Krishna. Krishna killed Kamsa as announced by a divine prophecy. Jarasandha got infuriated as his daughters were widowed. Thereafter, Jarasandha vowed revenge against Krishna.^[5] Jarasandha attacked Mathura with an army of 23 akshauhinis^{[citation needed]}, but Krishna and Balarama somehow managed the whole army of Jarasandha and his allies. Jarasandha attacked Mathura 17 times and was defeated by Krishna.^[6]

During the 18th attack, the Yavana king Kalayavana also attacked Mathura with a huge army. Kalyavana had a boon to never die on a battle field, so Krishna challenged him to a duel. While fighting, Krishna lures him into a mountain where the great king Muchukunda lay asleep. Muchukunda had left his kingdom to help the devas in a great war against the asuras, he stayed and protected Svargaloka for 1 year until the asuras were finally defeated. Indra tells Muchukunda to ask a boon as they can grant him anything but Muchukunda says that he doesn't want anything as helping them was his pleasure and that he just wants to return home, Indra sadly replies that though only 1 year has passed in Svarga 360 years have passed on earth and that all of his family had died. Muchukunda was saddened and asked him for eternal sleep, so Indra grants him the boon that anybody who disturbs his sleep would turn to ashes. Krishna knew that Machhakunda was sleeping on the mountain but Kalayavana didn't, so when Krishna finds Muchukunda he covers him with a shawl that Krishna was wearing. Kalayavana upon seeing a sleeping man covered with Krishna's shawl thought that Krishna was pretending to sleep in order to escape him, as it's against the rules of war to attack a sleeping man. Kalayavana kicks him to make him stand up which wakes up Muchukunda and from his eyes great flames erupt causing Kalayavana to burn up and as he was not on the battlefield he died without violating his boon. Krishna then grants Muchukunda moksha, or freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth.

Jarasandha keeps attacking Mathura and eventually Krishna orders Vishvakarma, the divine architect, to craft a magnificent city near the sea which is done overnight, then Krishna transports the entire population of Mathura to the new city, which was named Dvaraka. When Jarasandha attacks again he sets the city of Mathura ablaze, Krishna and Balarama merely use their powers to go to Dvaraka unscathed.

Jarasandha thinks that Krishna has died and returns to his own land. But in a short while, when Jarasandha was sitting in Dratharashtras court learns that Krishna has only changed the capital.

Later life and death

Bhima fights with Jarasandha

In the Shanti Parva of Mahabharata, Jarasandha fought with Karna after the svayamvara of daughter (Bhanumati) of Chitrangada. After a tough fight, Karna defeated him. To please Karna, Jarasandha gifted him the land of Malini to rule.^[7]^[8]

He was also a major hurdle before emperor Yudhishthira when the latter decided to perform an offering. As Jarasandha was a powerful warrior, it was necessary for the Pandavas to eliminate him. Krishna, Bhima, and Arjuna disguised as brahmins traveled to Magadha and met Jarasandha. After a formal meeting, Jarasandha enquired about their intentions. Krishna, Bhima, and Arjuna revealed their actual identities. Krishna then challenged Jarasandha for a duel and gave him the freedom to choose any one belligerent. Jarasandha selected Bhima for a duel. Both Bhima and Jarasandha were accomplished wrestlers. The duel continued for several days and neither of them was willing to give up. After a long battle, Bhima was still standing strong and Jarasandha was getting tired. Krishna hinted Bhima to tear Jarasandha's body into two by tearing a leaf which was pulled out from a nearby tree by catching Bhima's sight. Bhima managed to do that. However, due to his boon from Jara, his body rejoined. Bhima ripped him into two parts multiple times, but the result was still the same. Then Krishna pulled out another leaf, tore it into two pieces and threw the pieces to opposite sides. Bhima understood the signal and when he managed to rip Jarasandha apart again, he threw the right half onto the left side and vice versa, killing him.^[9]

Bhima slays Jarasandha in wrestling fight.

Jarasandha's son Sahadeva (not to be confused with the youngest Pandava) was placed on the throne of Magadha and he agreed to be a vassal to the Pandavas. He was killed in the Kurukshetra war by Karna along with his cousin, Jayadeva.

References

Citations

^ "Jarasandha was a very powerful king of Magadha, and the history of his birth and activities is also very interesting - Vaniquotes". vaniquotes.org. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
^ "Mahabharat Episode 28: Jarasandha – Born Divided". sadhguru.org. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
^ Gokhale, Namita (21 January 2013). The Puffin Mahabharata. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-415-7.
^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1977). Krishna and Jarasandha. India Book House Ltd. pp. 3–5. ISBN 81-7508-080-9.
^ Banker, Ashok K. (20 August 2012). Rage Of Jarasandha. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-93-5029-590-8.
^ Gitananda, Swami. Srimad Bhagavata: The Book of Divine Love. Advaita Ashrama (A publication branch of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math). ISBN 978-81-7505-837-8.
^ Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 346. ISBN 9780842608220.
^ Mani, Vettam (1 January 2015). Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2.
^ The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (5th ed.). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 1990 [1970]. ISBN 9788121500944. Besides this the Jarasandha had a gifted boon that whenever his body is ripped into two pieces, the two pieces will attach immediately how much how the distance they are thrown apart. Initially, the Bhima tried to kill him by splitting the body but in vain as they were attaching instantly again. So, Krishna gave a hint symbolically with a hay fiber to throw the body parts in mutually opposite directions so that they won't attach again and this was exactly followed by Bhima.

Sources

Gibbs, Laura. Ph.D. Jarasandha Modern Languages MLLL-4993. Indian Epics.
Dowson, John (1820–1881). A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. London: Trübner, 1879 [Reprint, London: Routledge, 1979]. ISBN 0-415-24521-4
Original Mahabharata by Shri Ved Vyasa
Gita press, Gorakhpur edition of Mahābhārata
Ramanand Sagar's "SHRI KRISHNA" serial
MRITYUNJAY-the story of Karna.

External links

[1] "Jarasandha was a very powerful king of Magadha, and the history of his birth and activities is also very interesting - Vaniquotes". vaniquotes.org. Retrieved 31 December 2015.

[2] "Mahabharat Episode 28: Jarasandha – Born Divided". sadhguru.org. Retrieved 12 May 2020.

[3] Gokhale, Namita (21 January 2013). The Puffin Mahabharata. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-415-7.

[:0-4] Chandrakant, Kamala (1977). Krishna and Jarasandha. India Book House Ltd. pp. 3–5. ISBN 81-7508-080-9.

[5] Banker, Ashok K. (20 August 2012). Rage Of Jarasandha. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-93-5029-590-8.

[6] Gitananda, Swami. Srimad Bhagavata: The Book of Divine Love. Advaita Ashrama (A publication branch of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math). ISBN 978-81-7505-837-8.

[7] Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 346. ISBN 9780842608220.

[8] Mani, Vettam (1 January 2015). Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2.

[9] The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (5th ed.). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 1990 [1970]. ISBN 9788121500944. Besides this the Jarasandha had a gifted boon that whenever his body is ripped into two pieces, the two pieces will attach immediately how much how the distance they are thrown apart. Initially, the Bhima tried to kill him by splitting the body but in vain as they were attaching instantly again. So, Krishna gave a hint symbolically with a hay fiber to throw the body parts in mutually opposite directions so that they won't attach again and this was exactly followed by Bhima.

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