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Jarash, Jerusalem

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Jarash (Arabic: جرش) was a Palestinian village that was depopulated over the course of 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Located 25 kilometers west of Jerusalem, Jarash was a wholly Arab village of 220 inhabitants in 1948. The village was built of stone houses on the spur of a hill, 411 metres (1,348 ft) above sea-level, and lay about 1 km. eastward of the traffic circle opposite Moshav Zanoah, on regional road 3855 that bypasses Beit Shemesh to its east, and which road runs in a northerly-southerly direction along Wadi en Najil (now called Naḥal Zanoah). The immediate region to the west of the site of Jarash, upon two hills separated by a valley, grew orchards belonging to the village inhabitants consisting of carobs, figs, almonds and olives. Cave dwellings dot the landscape of this region.

Jarash
جرش
Ruins of Jarash
Ruins of Jarash
Etymology: Jerash; personal name[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Jarash, Jerusalem (click the buttons)
Jarash is located in Mandatory Palestine
Jarash
Jarash
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°43′47″N 35°00′58″E / 31.72972°N 35.01611°E / 31.72972; 35.01611
Palestine grid151/126
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictJerusalem
Date of depopulation21 October 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total3,518 dunams (3.518 km2 or 1.358 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total190[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces

History

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Further information: Gerasa (Judaea)

The area immediately to the west of Jarash, as one descends into the valley below, is marked by several very old agricultural terraces, built of large stones. Their use was to retain the top soil and to prevent the soil run-off from heavy rains. The nearby grounds are strewn with potsherds; evidence of an early settlement. To the east of the village lay Khirbat Sira, which is identified as a Mamluk/Ottoman village.[5]

Ottoman era

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In 1838, Jerash was noted as a Muslim village, located in district of el-Arkub, southwest of Jerusalem.[6][7]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found Jarash to have 25 inhabitants, living at that time in "miserable huts."[8] An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that the village had a population of 53, in a total of 13 houses, though the population count included men, only.[9][10]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Jarash as a village built on the spur of a hill with olive trees growing below it.[11]

In 1896 the population of Dscherasch was estimated to be about 105 persons.[12]

British Mandate era

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In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Jarash had a population 115, all Muslims,[13] increasing in the 1931 census to 164, still all Muslim, in a total of 33 houses.[14]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 190, all Muslims,[2] while the total land area was 3,518 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 5 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 1,335 for cereals,[15] while 5 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[16]

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    Jarash, Mandate survey, 1:20,000
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    Jarash, 1945, 1:20,000

State of Israel

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Following the war, the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The town's land was left undeveloped, though Zanoah was founded in 1950, about 2 km west of the village site.[17]

Walid Khalidi writes of Jarash in 1992:

"The site is overgrown with grass, interspersed with the debris of destroyed houses and stones from the terraces. The ruins of a cemetery lie northwest of the site. Groves of trees cover two hills to the west of the site that are separated by a valley. Carob, fig, almond, and olive trees grow on these hills."[17]

Archaeology

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Boaz Zissu of the Israel Antiquities Authority conducted an archaeological survey of Jarash in the year 2000. The old ruins of Jarash lay at the center of a spur, at some 200 meters west of the now ruined Arab village, spread over an area of only about 5 dunams (1.2 acres) and built upon two levels. According to Zissu, the site may have served as a farmstead for share-croppers who worked the adjacent fields.[18] Most of the pottery samples collected in situ date back to the early Roman period, and a few from the Iron Age III era, as well as from the Mameluk era. Structures made of hewn stone were still visible from the Roman era. Two plastered cisterns in an enclosed area are also noticeable on the site. In one corner of the ruin are seen three monolithic, rectangular-shaped pillars ca. 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) high, aligned in a row, still standing upon their original foundation. In the lower level, structures made of field stones are still to be seen there, spread over an area 20 x 30 meters. On the rocky precipice to the east of the site are caves partially filled-in by erosion, with exposed square-like entrances, and wine-presses carved into the rock. Zissu has noted the presence of two ritual ablutions or baths (miqva'ot) in the site, evidence that the site was formerly inhabited by Jews, and raises the suggestion that it may have once been the Gerasa mentioned by Josephus in The Jewish War (4.9.1), although with some reservations, citing a more probable locale in the nearby ruin of Kh. Jurish.[19]

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    General view of ruins of Jarash
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    Razed structures in Jarash
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    View as seen from Jarash, looking toward Moshav Zanoah
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    Cave entrance in the vicinity of Jarash
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    Cave in the vicinity of Jarash
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    Near Jarash, a cave bearing a human skeleton
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    Rock-cut cistern near Jarash

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 296
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xx, village #341. Also gives the cause for depopulation
  5. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 154
  6. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 126
  7. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 342
  8. ^ Guérin, 1869, p. 322. Guérin's account reads as follows: "Djerrach... hameau où nous dressons nos tentes pour la nuit. Situé à mi-côte sur le flanc occidental de la montagne du même nom, il ne contient que vingt-cinq habitants, qui vivent dans de misérables huttes." (Translated from the French, reads: "Jarash... [the] hamlet where we pitch our tents for the night. Situated halfway up the west side of the mountain of the same name, it contains only twenty-five inhabitants, who live in miserable huts).
  9. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 153
  10. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 145, also noted 13 houses
  11. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, III:25. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 296
  12. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 123
  13. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. 10
  14. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 20
  15. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  16. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 152
  17. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 297
  18. ^ Boaz Zissu (2007), p. 225
  19. ^ Boaz Zissu (2007), Summary, XVIII (Identification of Gerasa in Judea)

Bibliography

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