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Joseph Petrosino

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Joseph Petrosino (born Giuseppe Petrosino, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe petroˈziːno; -ˈsiːno]; August 30, 1860 – March 12, 1909) was an Italian-born New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who was a pioneer in the fight against organized crime. Crime fighting techniques that Petrosino pioneered are still practiced by law enforcement agencies.[1]

Joseph Petrosino
Lt. Joe Petrosino, NYPD, Badge No. 285
Born
Giuseppe Petrosino

(1860-08-30)August 30, 1860
Padula, Campania, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
DiedMarch 12, 1909(1909-03-12) (aged 48)
Palermo, Sicily, Kingdom of Italy
Cause of deathGunshots
Resting placeCalvary Cemetery, New York City
NationalityItalian
CitizenshipAmerican
Height5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)
SpouseAdelina Saulino
ChildrenAdelina Petrosino Burke
Parents
  • Prospero Petrosino (father)
  • Maria Giuseppa Arato (mother)
RelativesNino Melito Petrosino (grandnephew, descendants, based in Italy)
Websitehttps://petrosinousa.org/
Police career
DepartmentNew York Police Department
Service years1883–1909
RankLieutenant
Badge no.285

Early years and family

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Prospero Petrosino (Joe Petrosino's father)
 
Maria Giuseppa Arato, Joe's mother
 
Detective Lt. Joseph Petrosiino (left), Inspector Carey and Inspector McCafferty escorting Mafia hitman Petto the Ox (Tomaso Petto, second from left)

Giuseppe Petrosino was born in Padula, a comune in the province of Salerno, in the southern Italian region of Campania. Young Giuseppe was sent with his cousin, Antonio Puppolo, to live with his grandfather in New York City. A streetcar accident took the life of his grandfather, and the two young cousins wound up in orphans/surrogates court. Rather than send the children to the orphanage, the judge took them home to his own family, and provided for the boys until relatives in Italy could be contacted and arrangements made to bring over family members. So, Joseph Petrosino and his cousin Anthony Puppolo lived with a "politically connected" Irish household for some time, which opened up educational and employment avenues not available to more recent immigrants, especially Italian ones.[2] In 1874, the remainder of the Petrosino family immigrated to the United States.

Petrosino married the widow Adelina Saulino (1869–1957) on January 6, 1908,[3] with whom he had a daughter, Adelina Petrosino Burke (1908–2004), who gave birth to Susan Burke. Burke represented the Petrosino family at functions honoring the fallen NYPD hero.[4]

Career

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On October 19, 1883, he joined the NYPD.[5][2] He was the first Italian language speaker in the NYPD's history. At 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m), he had to get a waiver of the department's minimum height requirement. He became friends with Theodore Roosevelt, who was a member of the council of police commissioners which governed the NYPD. Fluent in several Italian dialects, Petrosino was able to "make" cases that other officers could not. His ability to solve crimes in the Italian community was such that whenever a serious crime took place in that area, his superiors would call out, "Send for the Dago!"[6]

On July 20, 1895,[2] Roosevelt promoted him to detective sergeant in charge of the department's Homicide Division. The pinnacle of his career came in December 1908[2] when he was promoted to lieutenant and placed in charge of the Italian Squad, an elite corps of Italian-American detectives assembled specifically to deal with the criminal activities of organizations like the Mafia, which Petrosino saw as a shame upon decent Italians and Italian Americans.

 
Lt. Joe Petrosino, NYPD, Badge #285

The Black Hand and Enrico Caruso

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One notable case in Petrosino's stint with the Italian Squad involved the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso, who was performing at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. He was being extorted by Black Hand gangsters who demanded money in exchange for his life. It was Petrosino, a lover of opera, who convinced Caruso to help him catch those behind the extortion.[7]

Assassination of William McKinley

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A second notable case in Petrosino's stint with the Italian Squad was his infiltration of an Italian-based anarchist organization suspected of ties to the assassination of King Umberto I in 1900. During his mission, he discovered evidence that the organization intended to assassinate President William McKinley during his trip to Buffalo, New York[citation needed]. Petrosino warned the Secret Service, but McKinley ignored the warning, even after Roosevelt, who had by this time become Vice President of the United States, vouched for Petrosino's abilities[citation needed]. McKinley was assassinated by Polish-American Leon Czolgosz during his visit to Buffalo's Pan-American Exposition on September 6, 1901.

Arrest of Cascio Ferro

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Petrosino's investigations into Mafia activities led him to Vito Cascio Ferro, then a low-ranking Black Hand affiliate. In 1903, Petrosino arrested him on suspicion of murder, but Cascio Ferro was acquitted. Ferro later returned to Sicily, where he ascended to the top rank of the Sicilian Mafia. Cascio Ferro was later suspected of Petrosino's murder.

Petrosino also investigated the infamous "barrel murders" case of 1903.

Assassination

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Paolo Palazzotto (Joe Petrosino's killer)

In 1909, Petrosino made plans to travel to Palermo, Sicily on a secret mission. A recently passed federal law allowed the U.S. government to deport any alien who had lived in the country for less than three years if that alien had been convicted of a crime in another country. Petrosino was armed with a long list of known Italian criminals who had taken up residence in the United States, and intended to get enough evidence of their criminal pasts to throw them out of the country once and for all.

However, the secrecy and success of the mission was already in jeopardy. A few weeks before Petrosino's departure, The New York Times asked police commissioner Theodore A. Bingham of Petrosino's whereabouts. Bingham cryptically replied, "Why, he may be on the ocean bound for Europe, for all I know." In the same news article, The Times cited another unnamed source who hinted at the purpose of Petrosino's mission.[8] Furthermore, the U.S. Ambassador to Italy, Lloyd Carpenter Griscom warned Petrosino that he would be recognized in Sicily by "perhaps a thousand criminals".[9]

After Petorsino's arrival in Rome, he told a friend that he was being followed, and that he recognized the man who was following him. He said that that the man was from New York, and told his friend that he saw the man duck into a telegraph office. He also told his friend that it was likely that the man had alerted his Black Hand Society compatriots in Noto, Sicily that he (Petrosino) was now in Italy.[9]

On March 12, 1909, after arriving in Palermo, Sicily, Petrosino was invited to a nighttime rendezvous in the city's Piazza Marina, where he was to receive information about the Mafia. While waiting for his "informant", Petrosino was shot in the face by two assailants. Reportedly, Petrosino fired off one shot in the direction the assailants before he fell to the ground. An Italian sailor heard the shots and rushed to Petrosino's aid, but it was too late to help him and he died.[9][10]

The day after Petrosino's death, the detective's Italian Branch received an anonymous letter stating that the New York Black Hand had arranged the murder. The letter named members of the Morello crime family: Giuseppe Morello, Vincenzo Terranova, Ciro Terranova, Giuseppe Fontana, Ignazio Milone, and Pietro Inzarillo. Cascio Ferro worked with these men during his three-year tenure in New York, so their involvement is possible, but it is also possible that letter was a hoax.[11]

Vito Cascio Ferro was arrested for Petrosino's murder, but was released after an associate provided an alibi. Allegedly, he later (when convicted for murder) claimed that he personally killed once "a gallant man, not an enemy".[12][13]

Palermo's police commissioner, Baldassare Ceola, listed five Sicilian suspects:[11]

  • Pasquale Enea, linked to the Black Hand in New York
  • Giuseppe Fontana, previously involved with a murder in Sicily and Black Hand activities in New York
  • Gioacchino Lima, previously charged with a murder, brother-in-law to Giuseppe Morello
  • Ignazio Milone, worked with Fontana in New York
  • Giovanni Pecoraro, links to Sicilian and New York crime, and Vito Cascio Ferro

Enrico Alfano had been linked to Petrosino's murder, when he began to run a gambling den in the basement of 108 Mulberry Street; Alfano became one of the primary underworld targets of Petrosino who believed he was a big player in the New York branch of the Camorra.[14][15][16][17] On 17 April 1907, Petrosino and his agents raided the apartment at 108 Mulberry Street where Alfano was living and arrested him. The arrest caused a sensation in Naples.[18]

Lt. Antonio Vachris, the head of the Italian Detective Bureau in Brooklyn, stated that Petrosino was supposed to have been accompanied by police detectives in Palermo. He suspected that Petrosino was betrayed by someone within the Palermo police department and ultimately lured to his death. "He knew, as I do," Vachris told The New York Times, "that Palermo is the worst hole in Southern Italy for the Mafia. In that city there are at least 100 criminals of the most desperate class who knew Petrosino. Because of his work many of them had been deported from this country, and he was a marked man with them."[9] Author and historian Mike Dash identified the most likely assassins as Carlo Costantino and Antonio Passananti. Costantino and Passananti died in the late 1930s and in March 1969, respectively.[19][20] In 2014, during an (unrelated) investigation by Italian police, a descendant claimed that Paolo Palazzotto, a henchman of the Fontana crime ring of Palermo,[citation needed] was the actual killer, executing Cascio Ferro's "hit."[21][22][23] Palazzotto's name had come up during the investigations in 1909, but he was released after questioning and providing an alibi.[24]

Reactions

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Petrosino's funeral in New York, April 1909

The United States Consul in Palermo, W. H. Bishop, sent a cablegram to NYC Police Commissioner Theodore A. Bingham informing him of the tragic news and stating that Petrosino "dies a martyr".[9] Bishop told The New York Times that May that it was misreported that Petrosino was armed when he was murdered; he indicated he spoke to him frequently when he was in Palermo and the night of his murder Petrosino left his revolver in his hotel room and refused a police escort.[25]

Upon hearing the news of his death from reporters, Theodore Roosevelt was taken aback and said "Petrosino was a great man and a good man. I knew him for years, and he did not know the name of fear."[9]

Assistant District Attorney Francis L. Carrao of Brooklyn was also quoted in The New York Times: "The Italian Government must be held largely responsible tor the death of Lieut. Petrosino…The importance of Lieut. Petrosino's mission should have made clear to the Italian Consul General in New York the wisdom of notifying the Italian Minister of the Interior of his coming, that he might be insured the protection of the Government."[9]

Il Telegrafo: The Evening Telegraph, an Italian American newspaper in New York, printed an editorial on March 13, 1909, in response to Petrosino's assassination, which said in part: "The assassination of Petrosino is an evil day for the Italians of America, and none of us can any longer deny that there is a Black Hand Society in the United States."[9]

Funeral

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Joe Petrosino's uniform, at Joe Petrosino's House & Museum, in Padula

Funeral rites for Petrosino were performed in Palermo, after which his body was sent to New York aboard the English S/S Slavonia, arriving April 9. On April 12, 1909, funeral rites were conducted in St. Patrick's Cathedral, with over 200,000 people taking part in the funeral procession.[26] New York City declared the day of his burial a holiday to allow its citizens to pay their respects.[27] A pillar topped with an elaborate bust, inaugurated a year after his death,[28] marks his gravesite in Queens, New York, Calvary Cemetery.[29] Multiple organized crime notables are buried there, including members of the Morello crime family which he investigated, (e.g., Giuseppe "Peter" Morello (the Clutch Hand), Ignazio "Lupo the Wolf" Lupo (1877–1947), and the Terranova brothers (who rest in bare graves).[30]

Aftermath

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In May 1909 in Palermo, US Consul Bishop received death threats that he would meet the same fate as Petrosino if he continued to work with Italian authorities in the search for Petrosino's murderers.[25]

On July 17, 1909, Baldassare Ceola was relieved of his position as the police commissioner of Palermo.

Petrosino's widow (b. 1869) died in 1957.[31]

In memoriam

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Small memorial, Piazza Marina, Palermo
  • In 1987, the name of a small triangular park in lower Manhattan was changed from Kenmare Square to Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Square in his honor. It is bounded by Cleveland Place and Lafayette and Kenmare streets, two blocks north of the old police headquarters at 240 Centre Street at the juncture of the Little Italy, Nolita, and SoHo neighborhoods.[32][33]

There is also an exhibit dedicated to Petrosino in the Italian American Museum, at 155 Mulberry Street in Manhattan's Little Italy. The exhibit pays tribute to him by displaying memorabilia documenting his career. It includes photographs, a vintage LP record, an original Black Hand letter, as well as both artwork and a comic book about his life. A plaster cast from the original 2014 bronze relief in Petrosino Square was donated to the museum by its creator, artist Carter Jones.

  • On March 12, 2003, a small memorial (an engraved brass plate on a pole) was erected on Piazza Marina, Palermo in Petrosino's remembrance.[34]
  • The Joe Petrosino Prize for Investigative Reporting (in Italian: Certosa di Padula Joe Petrosino Prize) was named in his honor.[35]
  • In 2010, the Italian Post released a postage stamp to commemorate his 150th birthday.The stamp features Petrosino's picture with the Statue of Liberty and the Brooklyn Bridge in the background.
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In film

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In literature

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  • In the peak of his prominence, Petrosino was immortalized in a series of dime novels in Italy titled Giuseppe Petrosino, il Sherlock Holmes d'Italia (Giuseppe Petrosino, the Italian Sherlock Holmes), portraying him as a crusading master detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes and Nick Carter. There were also dime novels published in Germany Josef Petrosino, der Schrecken der Schwarzen Hand (Josef Petrosino, the Terror of the Black Hand) 1910-1911 and France.[36] was the hero of a comic strip series published in the Italian title, L’Avventuroso.[37]
  • British novelist Frederick Nolan has written two novels based on Petrosino's career with the NYPD: No Place to Be a Cop (1974)[38][39] and Kill Petrosino! (1975).[40][41]
  • Petrosino appears in Laurie Fabiano's novel Elizabeth Street (2010).[42][43][44]
  • The January/February 2010 issue of Playboy published the article "Petrosino vs. The Black Hand", written by novelist/screenwriter James Dalessandro.
  • In My Ears Are Bent, Joseph Mitchell's collection of his feature articles from the 1930s, Petrosino appears as "Louis Sittenberg, the famous New York detective who was killed on a trip to Italy to bring back a Black Hand agent." Whether Mitchell's informant was confused or Mitchell changed Petrosino's name for some reason is not known.
  • In 2017, American journalist Stephan Talty wrote The Black Hand, a history of Petrosino's life and career.[45]
  • In 2020, American author Victoria Thompson used Petrosino as one of the characters in her novel Murder on Pleaasant Avenue.[46]

In television

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  • Petrosino's story is discussed in the two-hour History Channel program Godfathers, which features commentary by Mario Cuomo, former governor of New York, and Bernard Kerik, former police commissioner of New York City.[47]
  • He has been the subject of two Italian television dramas: He was portrayed in Petrosino (miniseries, 1972, directed by Daniele D'Anza) by Adolfo Celi and in Joe Petrosino (TV movie, 2006) by Beppe Fiorello.[48]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Joe Petrosino: the Legendary Italian-American Detective who Fought the Mafia in New York". ITALY Magazine. August 4, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Jackson, Kenneth T. (1995) The Encyclopedia of New York City. New York and London: Yale University Press
  3. ^ Talty, Stephan (2017). The Black Hand; The Epic War Between a Brilliant Detective and the Deadliest Secret Society in American History (Paper ed.). New York: Mariner Books. p. 151. ISBN 978-132891119-3.
  4. ^ "Exhibit shows off mementos of a legendary NYC lawman, Lt. Joseph Petrosino".
  5. ^ Kane, Michael (June 28, 2015). "The legendary NYPD cop who broke through the 'Italian barrier'". New York Post. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  6. ^ Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. London: Robson Books, 2006. ISBN 1-86105-952-3. p. 19
  7. ^ Raab, p. 19-20.
  8. ^ "New Secret Service to Fight Black Hand". The New York Times. February 20, 1909. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Petrosino Slain Assassins Gone". The New York Times. March 14, 1909. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  10. ^ "Joe Petrosino Murder", GangRule, retrieved October 16, 2010
  11. ^ a b "Lt. Giuseppe "Joseph" Petrosino", American Organized Crime, Purcell, Mike, 2000, archived from the original on December 28, 2013, retrieved August 8, 2013
  12. ^ Minna R. Breve Storia della Mafia. Rome, Riuniti.
  13. ^ Petacco A.Joe Petrosino, Milan, Mondadori 1972.
  14. ^ Camorra Chief's Flight; Alfano Reached America After Many Adventures in Italy, The New York Times, April 22, 1907
  15. ^ Romano, Italian Americans in Law Enforcement, p. 45
  16. ^ Petacco, Joe Petrosino, p. 83
  17. ^ Criminal Band That Murdered Petrosino In Police Coils, by Walter Littlefield, The New York Times, September 11, 1910
  18. ^ Camorra's Chief Caught, The New York Times, April 20, 1907
  19. ^ Dash, p. 16
  20. ^ Critchely, David (2008). Routledge Advances in American History, Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 978-0203889077.
  21. ^ (in Italian) Boss svela chi uccise Joe Petrosino, ANSA, 23 June 2014]
  22. ^ Culzac, Natasha (June 24, 2014). "100-year-old murder of anti-mafia officer Joseph Petrosino solved by Italian police". The Independent. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  23. ^ Goodman, J. David (June 23, 2014). "New Lead in 1909 Killing of a Star Officer". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  24. ^ Petrosino Mystery May Come Up In Camorra Trial, The New York Times, March 19, 1911, Section M, Page 6
  25. ^ a b "Why Petrosino's Killers Will Escape". The New York Times. May 13, 1909. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  26. ^ "Joe Petrosino Murder", GangRule, retrieved March 16, 2013
  27. ^ Martinelli, Candida. "Hero's Send-Off for a Fallen NYCPD Officer". p. Lt. Joe Petrosino, Trail-Blazing Fighter of Organized Crime. Retrieved August 29, 2018. New York City declared the day Lieutenant Joe Petrosino was buried a holiday, so all those who wanted to pay their respects, could. On April 12, 1909, over 250,000 people paid their respects to the fallen New York City Police Department Officer, who was killed in the line of duty, and who had an amazing 25-year career with the NYCPD.
  28. ^ Unveil Petrosino Monument; Two Nation's Will Carry on His Work, Says Lieut. Enright, The New York Times, March 14, 1910
  29. ^ Dash, Epilogue p. 36
  30. ^ Dash, Epilogue p. 27
  31. ^ "Giuseppe (Joe) Petrosino". Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  32. ^ "Petrosino Square", Find A Park, City of New York Parks & Recreation, retrieved August 8, 2013
  33. ^ Dash, p. 28
  34. ^ Dash, Mike (2009). The First Family: Terror, Extortion and the Birth of the American Mafia. London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84737-173-7.
  35. ^ "Intervista a Ignazio Cutro- abbandonoto dalla Stato". JoePetrosino.org. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  36. ^ "The Encyclopedia Of Pulp Heroes: The Online Edition". jessnveins.com. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  37. ^ https://www.outisfumetti.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Joe-Petrosino-Fred-Bongusto-il-fumetto1.jpg [bare URL image file]
  38. ^ Nolan, Frederick (August 1, 1974). No Place to Be a Cop. London: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN 9780213164751.
  39. ^ "No Place to Be a Cop by Frederick Nolan". fantasticfiction.com. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  40. ^ "Kill Petrosino by Frederick Nolan". fantasticfiction.com. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  41. ^ Nolan, Frederick (October 1, 2007). Kill Petrosino!. Leicester: Linford Mystery. ISBN 9781846179501.
  42. ^ "Elizabeth Street – da Scilla a New York eBook: Laurie Fabiano, Francesca Barbanera: Amazon.it: Kindle Store". Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  43. ^ "Elizabeth Street – Laurie Fabiano – 13 reviews – AmazonCrossing – Paperback – Italiano – Anobii". Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  44. ^ Franco, Maria (March 27, 2016). "RECENSIONE: Elizabeth Street-da Scilla a New York di L. Fabiano" (in Italian). un atto criminoso a fini estorsivi organizzato da una banda di delinquenti che si riconoscevano nella Mano nera, una sorta di mafia, contro cui aveva lottato anche il tenente Petrosino
  45. ^ "It's man vs. the mob in Stephan Talty's exhilarating history 'The Black Hand'". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  46. ^ Thompson, Victoria (2020). Murder on Pleasant Avenue. New York: Berkley Prime Crime. p. Author's Note. ISBN 9781984805744.
  47. ^ "The Godfather and the Mafia in Popular Culture". History.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013.
  48. ^ [Lista delle Fiction RAI – RAI Official Site.]
New York City Police Department
Preceded by
N/A
 NYPD's Italian Squad
c. 1905–1909 		Succeeded by
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