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Jōetsu, Niigata

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Jōetsu (上越市, Jōetsu-shi) is a city located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 December 2020, the city had an estimated population of 189,430, in 76,461 households[1] with a population density of 190 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 973.81 square kilometres (375.99 sq mi). Jōetsu borders the Sea of Japan and is renowned for its abundance of snow, the annual cherry-blossom festival, sake and Koshihikari rice.

Jōetsu
上越市
Special city
Takada Castle Park and sakura
Joetsu Aquarium UmigatariGokuraku Bridge at Takada Castle
Rinsen-jiformer No.139 National Bank Building
Flag of Jōetsu
Flag
Official seal of Jōetsu
Seal
Location of Jōetsu in Niigata
Location of Jōetsu in Niigata
Jōetsu is located in Japan
Jōetsu
Jōetsu
 
Coordinates: 37°8′52.3″N 138°14′9.9″E / 37.147861°N 138.236083°E / 37.147861; 138.236083
CountryJapan
RegionChūbu (Kōshin'etsu) (Hokuriku)
PrefectureNiigata
First official recorded702 AD
Takada city establishedSeptember 1, 1911
Naoetsu city establishedJune 1, 1954
Two cities merged and current nameApril 30, 1971
Government
 • MayorKanta Nakagawa (since November 2021)
Area
 • Total973.81 km2 (375.99 sq mi)
Population
 (December 1, 2020)
 • Total189,430
 • Density190/km2 (500/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
Phone number025-526-5111
Address1-1-3 Kida, Jōetsu-shi, Niigata-ken 943-8601
ClimateCfa
WebsiteOfficial website
Symbols
FlowerCamellia
TreeSakura
Takada Castle
Sakaki Shrine
One of the oldest wineries in Japan and home to the grape Muscat Bailey A
Sunrise over Takada

Geography

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Sea of Japan at Naoetsu Beach

Jōetsu is in southwest Niigata Prefecture, bordered by the Sea of Japan to the north and Nagano Prefecture to the south. It is approximately 133 kilometers west of the city of Niigata, the prefectural capital and 139 kilometers east of Toyama.

Mountains

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Surrounded by the Japanese Alps, Jōetsu contains four noteworthy mountains:

  • Hishigatake-yama - part of the Shin-etsu trail and one location of the annual "Candle Road" festival
  • Kanayasan - birthplace of skiing in Japan
  • Kasugayama - formerly the location of Kasugayama Castle, home of the Sengoku period daimyō, Uesugi Kenshin
  • Yoneyama - a sacred mountain on the border of Joetsu and neighboring Kashiwazaki City

Although part of neighboring city Myōkō, Mount Myōkō can also be vividly seen from Joetsu. Known for its heavy snowfall and ski resorts, Mt. Myōkō is listed as one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains, and is considered the "Mount Fuji of Echigo".

Surrounding municipalities

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Nagano Prefecture

Niigata Prefecture

  •  
    Kasugayama Castel ruins and Jōetsu-shi Maizō Bunkazai center
  •  
    View of central Naoetsu area
  •  
    View of Central Takada area

Climate

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Jōetsu has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature is 13.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2599 mm with January as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.2 °C.[2]

Owing to its coastal location facing onshore winds off the Sea of Japan, Jōetsu is the wettest low-lying part of the northern hemisphere temperate zone apart from the Owase region of the Kii Peninsula, receiving an average of around 2.8 metres (110.2 in) of precipitation per year. As a comparison, Forks on the windward side of Washington's Olympic Peninsula receives 110 inches (2.79 m) and Rize on the Black Sea coast of Turkey 2,530 millimetres (100 in). The cold winds from the combined power of the Siberian High and Aleutian Low give Jōetsu an average of 6.3 metres (250 in) of snowfall that however tends to melt significantly even during the winter. On February 26, 1945, Jōetsu received as much as 3.77 metres (148 in) of snow in one day. The heaviest annual snowfall, since the beginning of regular snowfall measurements in 1953, was 14.94 metres (590 in) in the 1985/1986 season and the heaviest monthly total precipitation 942 millimetres (37 in) in January 1945, whilst the driest month was August 1985 with 16 millimetres (0.63 in).

Climate data for Takada, Jōetsu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1922−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.4
(66.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		25.8
(78.4) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.1
(91.6) 		36.4
(97.5) 		38.9
(102.0) 		40.3
(104.5) 		37.8
(100.0) 		34.1
(93.4) 		28.1
(82.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		40.3
(104.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.8
(78.4) 		29.6
(85.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		27.1
(80.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		18.7
(65.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		2.7
(36.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		11.7
(53.1) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		26.4
(79.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		5.3
(41.5) 		13.9
(57.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		1.4
(34.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		9.8
(49.6)
Record low °C (°F) −10.7
(12.7) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−13.2
(8.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 429.6
(16.91) 		263.3
(10.37) 		194.7
(7.67) 		105.3
(4.15) 		87.0
(3.43) 		136.5
(5.37) 		206.8
(8.14) 		184.5
(7.26) 		205.8
(8.10) 		213.9
(8.42) 		334.2
(13.16) 		475.5
(18.72) 		2,837.1
(111.70)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 171
(67) 		139
(55) 		47
(19) 		2
(0.8) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		trace 67
(26) 		413
(163)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 24.8 20.4 19.0 12.3 10.0 11.3 13.2 11.4 13.9 14.6 18.6 23.2 192.7
Average snowy days (≥ 1 cm) 19.7 17.8 8.5 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 9.8 56.3
Average relative humidity (%) 79 76 72 67 71 78 81 78 79 78 78 78 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62.4 83.2 128.7 177.6 201.8 153.6 148.4 189.6 136.7 131.8 104.1 73.0 1,591.8
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[3][4]
Climate data for Ōgata, Jōetsu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1978−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		33.4
(92.1) 		34.4
(93.9) 		39.5
(103.1) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.5
(103.1) 		35.7
(96.3) 		27.4
(81.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		40.0
(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.1
(50.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		28.0
(82.4) 		30.0
(86.0) 		26.3
(79.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		15.1
(59.2) 		9.5
(49.1) 		17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		5.8
(42.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		26.0
(78.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		10.6
(51.1) 		5.5
(41.9) 		13.7
(56.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		1.5
(34.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		9.9
(49.8)
Record low °C (°F) −10.0
(14.0) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		3.2
(37.8) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−10.0
(14.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 293.1
(11.54) 		173.4
(6.83) 		143.5
(5.65) 		93.4
(3.68) 		88.4
(3.48) 		140.3
(5.52) 		208.7
(8.22) 		160.7
(6.33) 		187.0
(7.36) 		180.4
(7.10) 		296.0
(11.65) 		358.0
(14.09) 		2,321.7
(91.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 25.6 20.9 18.4 13.2 10.7 11.1 13.0 10.7 13.8 14.7 19.2 24.9 196.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44.3 69.6 131.1 186.5 208.7 166.8 168.5 210.4 149.8 137.0 95.6 59.7 1,639.8
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[5][6]
Climate data for Nō, Jōetsu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1978−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.2
(86.4) 		32.8
(91.0) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.9
(98.4) 		36.3
(97.3) 		33.5
(92.3) 		26.9
(80.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		36.9
(98.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.6
(49.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.9
(75.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		17.3
(63.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.8
(67.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		25.1
(77.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.9
(49.8) 		4.8
(40.6) 		13.0
(55.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.6
(70.9) 		17.6
(63.7) 		11.8
(53.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		9.3
(48.7)
Record low °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−8.1
(17.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 387.3
(15.25) 		233.3
(9.19) 		208.1
(8.19) 		136.8
(5.39) 		124.6
(4.91) 		174.3
(6.86) 		243.4
(9.58) 		237.9
(9.37) 		281.9
(11.10) 		293.6
(11.56) 		404.4
(15.92) 		474.4
(18.68) 		3,223.5
(126.91)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 204
(80) 		181
(71) 		62
(24) 		2
(0.8) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		72
(28) 		505
(199)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 25.2 20.1 18.9 13.1 11.5 12.1 14.5 11.5 14.8 15.8 19.2 23.9 200.6
Average snowy days (≥ 3 cm) 16.4 15.7 6.5 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 6.6 45.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 41.3 70.3 118.9 175.2 198.5 142.7 140.0 185.8 129.2 126.9 96.7 57.2 1,478.3
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[7][8]
Climate data for Yasuzuka, Jōetsu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1978−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		19.8
(67.6) 		25.8
(78.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		34.0
(93.2) 		37.6
(99.7) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.7
(98.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		21.7
(71.1) 		37.6
(99.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.6
(47.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		21.6
(70.9) 		24.6
(76.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		19.8
(67.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		7.3
(45.1) 		17.0
(62.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		9.3
(48.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		20.6
(69.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		8.5
(47.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		12.0
(53.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.3
(27.9) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		9.8
(49.6) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		7.8
(46.1)
Record low °C (°F) −10.9
(12.4) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−11.0
(12.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 387.3
(15.25) 		229.5
(9.04) 		172.8
(6.80) 		114.1
(4.49) 		109.3
(4.30) 		150.0
(5.91) 		213.4
(8.40) 		194.0
(7.64) 		202.9
(7.99) 		207.8
(8.18) 		286.5
(11.28) 		411.5
(16.20) 		2,696.3
(106.15)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 293
(115) 		236
(93) 		125
(49) 		13
(5.1) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		134
(53) 		799
(315)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 25.4 21.1 19.6 14.1 11.5 12.0 14.5 11.8 14.9 15.4 18.1 22.9 201.3
Average snowy days (≥ 3 cm) 19.9 17.6 13.4 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 9.7 62.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 42.2 61.8 107.9 163.7 193.7 142.1 136.8 181.4 129.3 126.8 101.3 61.1 1,444.1
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[9][10]

Demographics

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Per Japanese census data,[11] the population of Jōetsu has declined over the past 60 years.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1960 234,673—    
1970 217,679−7.2%
1980 216,320−0.6%
1990 212,248−1.9%
2000 211,870−0.2%
2010 203,899−3.8%
2020 188,047−7.8%

Toponymy

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The kanji for Jōetsu combines 上 "upward", 越 "to surpass" and 市 "city", which can be misleading as the city is located in the southwestern part of Niigata Prefecture, closer to Toyama and Nagano Prefectures, as opposed to more northern areas in Niigata. Prior to the Meiji Restoration, Echigo Province was divided into three sections. One portion was called Kami Echigo (上越後), which was translated as "Upper Echigo", due its geographical proximity to the capital city of Kyoto. After the establishment of prefectures throughout Japan, the region name was shortened to "Jōetsu" (上越). When referring to Jōetsu, it could refer to the actual geographical Jōetsu region, which encompasses the cities of Jōetsu, Myōkō and Itoigawa, or may simply refer to the city of Jōetsu .[12]

History

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Yellow: 13 former municipalities merged into Joetsu in 2005.

The area of present-day Jōetsu has been inhabited for thousands of years, and the ruins of numerous Jōmon period and Kofun period settlements, tombs and fortifications have been found. The area was part of ancient Echigo Province, and the location of the Nara period provincial capital. During the Sengoku period, it was the center of the holdings of the Uesugi clan and notably Kasugayama Castle was the headquarters of the famed warlord Uesugi Kenshin. The Uesugi clan were transferred by Toyotomi Hideyoshi to Aizu and the area later came under the Takada Domain during the Edo period Tokugawa Shogunate.

In 1614, Matsudaira Tadateru, the 6th son of Tokugawa Ieyasu was assigned to Echigo Province and ordered the construction of Takada Castle. The domain was later ruled by a number of fudai daimyō houses. The last daimyō of Takada Domain was Sakakibara Masataka, who sided with the imperial forces in the Boshin War of the Meiji restoration and who subsequently served as imperial governor until the abolition of the han system in 1871 by the Meiji government.

The towns of Takada and Naoetsu were created with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Takada was elevated to city status on September 1, 1911 and Naoetsu on June 1, 1954. Takada and Naoetsu merged to form the city of Jōetsu in 1971.

On January 1, 2005, Jōetsu annexed 13 neighbouring municipalities, expanding its area by four times. The municipalities that were annexed into consisted of the following: the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District); the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, and the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District); and the town of and Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District).[13][14] On April 1, 2007, Jōetsu attained Special city status, which gives it greater local autonomy from the prefectural government.

Skiing in Japan

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The victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 brought about newfound interest in Japanese military strategy which prompted European powers to send troops to Japan to study new methods of combat. One of the soldiers, an Austro-Hungarian major named Theodor von Lerch, made a profound difference to the Jōetsu locals as well as the nation itself by introducing the sport of skiing to Japan. On January 12, 1911, Lerch began his ski training on Mt. Kanaya. The participants consisted of both soldiers and civilians. Lerch taught using the "Stemboggen" method, which involved a single bamboo pole that served a dual purpose as a steering tool and as a brake. With the translation help of the IJA 13th Division commander Gaishi Nagaoka, the Takada Ski Club eventually amassed over 6,000 members in 1912. Soon after, skiing spread across the nation, especially in areas where snow dominated the landscape. It provided a new mode of transportation not only for the military, but for those who were rendered immobile by the seemingly impassible slopes of white. To commemorate his contribution, the Japan Ski Origins Museum was erected on Mt. Kanaya in time to coincide with the 80th anniversary of skiing's inception in Japan.[15]

World War II

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During World War II, the city of Naoetsu was the site of a POW camp that garnered international focus from the best-selling biography, Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption by Laura Hillenbrand[16] and later, the movie adaptation, "Unbroken" in 2014. The book and movie focus on former Olympic track star Louis Zamperini and the brutal mistreatment of him and his fellow soldiers at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army corporal, Mutsuhiro Watanabe, infamously known as "The Bird". According to the book, Watanabe fled Naoetsu after the Allied forces invaded Japan and was never charged, despite being one of General Douglas MacArthur's top 40 most-wanted war criminals.

The Naoetsu POW camp also housed over 300 Australian soldiers, 60 of which died from sickness and poor living conditions. In October 1995, fifty years following the end of the war, the Peace Memorial Park and Peace Statues were founded and built by Jōetsu to promote peace and friendship. The following year, the Japan-Australia Society of Jōetsu was established with the purpose of educating future generations and maintaining a lasting relationship with Australian citizens abroad and living throughout Joetsu.[17]

Government

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Joetsu City Hall

Jōetsu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 32 members. The city contributes five members to the Niigata Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Niigata at-large district in the upper house of the National Diet of Japan, and Niigata 6th District in the lower house.

Economy

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Jōetsu is a regional commercial and industrial centre, with heavy industry concentrated around the port of former Naoetsu, and light manufacturing and commerce around the former Takada area. The Jōetsu Thermal Power Station is an LNG-fired thermal power station operated by JERA in the city.

Education

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Colleges and universities

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Primary and secondary education

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Jōetsu has 50 public elementary schools and 22 public junior high schools operated by the city government, one public elementary school and one junior high school operated by the national government. The city has eight public high schools, Joetsu High School and Sekine Gakuen High School, operated by the Niigata Prefectural Board of Education and two private high schools. The prefecture also operates four special education schools.

Transportation

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Railway

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  – Hokuriku Shinkansen

  JR East - Shin'etsu Main Line

  Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line

  Echigo Tokimeki Railway - Myōkō Haneuma Line

  Echigo Tokimeki Railway - Nihonkai Hisui Line

Highway

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Ferry

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Sado Kisen Naoetsu Terminal

The port of Ogi, on Sado Island, can be accessed by a jetfoil that runs 1-3 times a day from March 1 until November 15.

Local attractions

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Places of interest

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Gangi-dori Street in Takada
  • Iwanohara Vineyard Co., Ltd.: one of the oldest wineries in Japan and birthplace of the grape Muscat Bailey A
  • Izumi Jomon Park: home to ruins from Japan's Jōmon Period[19]
  • Gangi Dori: 16 km alleyway of wooden eaves built to shelter pedestrians during heavy snowfall
  • Hida Sites, Yayoi period settlement ruins, National Historic Site
  • Joetsu Aquarium Umigatari
  • Kasugayama Castle: A castle ruin, main castle of Uesugi clan
  • Samegao Castle : A castle ruin of Uesugi clan.
  • Takada Castle: Three-story turret located in Takada Park
  • Takahashi Magozaemon Shouten: oldest-running candy store in Japan

Cultural events

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  • Candle Road[20]
  • Echigo Kenshin Sake Festival
  • Joetsu Festival
  • Joetsu Lotus Festival
  • Kenshin Festival
  • Lerch Festival
  • Takada Castle Million-Visitor Cherry Blossom Festival

Sister cities

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Notable people from Jōetsu

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References

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  1. ^ "Jōetsu city official statistics" (in Japanese).
  2. ^ Jōetsu climate data
  3. ^ 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  4. ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  5. ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  6. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  7. ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  8. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  9. ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  10. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  11. ^ Jōetsu population statistics
  12. ^ リンク集：上越地域 [Joetsu Region Information]. Niigata Prefecture. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  13. ^ "Takada jo sanju yagura (Takada Castle Three-story-Turret)". Jōetsu Kanko Navi. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  14. ^ "Sakaki Shrine". Jōetsu Kanko Navi. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  15. ^ "Japan Ski Origins Museum". Jōetsu Kanko Navi. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  16. ^ "Unbroken". laurahillenbrandbooks. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  17. ^ "Japan-Australia Society of Joetsu". Japan-Australia Society of Joetsu. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  18. ^ "Number of Officials and Staff". Joetsu University of Education. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  19. ^ "Sightseeing Spots". Jōetsu Kanko Navi. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  20. ^ "Calendar of Events". Jōetsu Kanko Navi. Retrieved July 30, 2018.

Further reading

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