Johannes (Janne) Robert Rydberg (Swedish: [ˈrŷːdbærj]; 8 November 1854 – 28 December 1919) was a Swedish physicist mainly known for devising the Rydberg formula, in 1888, which is used to describe the wavelengths of photons (of visible light and other electromagnetic radiation) emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
Johannes Rydberg | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Johannes Rydberg | |
| Born | 8 November 1854 |
| Died | 28 December 1919 (aged 65) |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Known for | Rydberg formula |
| Awards | Fellow of the Royal Society (1919) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | Lund University |
| Thesis | Konstruktioner af kägelsnitt i 3- och 4-punktskontakt (1879) |
Biography
editRydberg was born 8 November 1854 in Halmstad in southern Sweden, the only child of Sven Rydberg and Maria Anderson Rydberg. When he was 4 years old his father died, and the family was forced to live on a small income. In 1873 he graduated from Halmstads elementärläroverk, where he received high grades in maths and physics. Later that year he enrolled in Lund University, and two years later he was awarded his bachelor's degree. In 1879 he was awarded his Doctor of Philosophy with his dissertation "Konstruktioner af kägelsnitt i 3- och 4-punktskontakt".[1]
Rydberg began his career as an amanuensis in the institution. He became a docent in maths in 1880, and in 1882 became a docent in physics. At this time he began studying the standard atomic weight, because he wondered what was the reason for the seemingly random increase in weight for the atoms in Mendeleev's periodic system. He searched for a formula for several years to no avail.[2]
His next work was about investigating the atomic spectra, explaining why these occurred.[2] Rydberg's research was preceded by Johann Jakob Balmer's, who presented an empirical formula for the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom in 1885.[3] However, Rydberg's research led him to publish a formula in 1888 which could be used to describe the spectral lines not only for hydrogen but other elements as well. After his publication in 1890 on the subject,[4] Rydberg returned to his fruitless research on the periodic table.[5]
Rydberg applied for a professorship in 1897, but despite the recommendations of experts in the subject he was rejected. However, he became an extraordinary professor instead. It was not until 1909 that he was upgraded into a full professorship.[6] To earn extra money he worked part-time as a numerical examiner at Sparbanken in Lund from 1891 and as an actuary in Malmö from 1905.[7]
In 1913, Rydberg became very ill and was forced to slow down his pace of research, and in 1915 he was granted leave on account of his illness.[8] He died on 28 December 1919 at Lund Hospital and was succeeded by his student Manne Siegbahn.[9][10] Rydberg is buried at the northern cemetery in Lund and left his wife Lydia Carlsson (1856–1925), son Helge Rydberg (1887–1968) and daughter Gerda Rydberg (1891–1983).
Rydberg formula
editThe physical constant known as the Rydberg constant is named after him, as is the Rydberg unit. Excited atoms with very high values of the principal quantum number, represented by n in the Rydberg formula, are called Rydberg atoms.[11] Rydberg's anticipation that spectral studies could assist in a theoretical understanding of the atom and its chemical properties was justified in 1913 by the work of Niels Bohr (see hydrogen spectrum). An important spectroscopic constant based on a hypothetical atom of infinite mass is called the Rydberg (R) in his honour.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Hamilton, Paul Charles (1992). Janne Rydberg: a physicist in 19th-century Sweden. [Cambridge, Massachusetts]. pp. 26–30.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Litzén, Ulf (2015). Fysik i Lund under 300 år (in Swedish). Lund: Lunds universitetshistoriska sällskap. pp. 71–75. ISBN 9789175453200.
- ^ Magie, William Francis (1969). A Source Book in Physics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p 360
- ^ See:
- Rydberg, J.R. (1889). "Recherches sur la constitution des spectres d'émission des éléments chimiques" [Investigations of the composition of the emission spectra of chemical elements]. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar [Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science]. 2nd series (in French). 23 (11): 1–177.
- English summary: Rydberg, J.R. (1890). "On the structure of the line-spectra of the chemical elements". Philosophical Magazine. 5th series. 29: 331–337.
- ^ Litzén (2015). Fysik i Lund under 300 år (in Swedish). p. 96. Bibcode:2015filu.book.....L.
- ^ Leide, Arvid (1954). "Janne Rydberg och hans kamp för professuren".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Hamilton (1992). Janne Rydberg: a physicist in 19th-century Sweden. p. 46.
- ^ Litzén (2015). Fysik i Lund under 300 år (in Swedish). p. 84. Bibcode:2015filu.book.....L.
- ^ Hamilton (1992). Janne Rydberg: a physicist in 19th-century Sweden. pp. 47–48.
- ^ Martinson, I.; Curtis, L.J. (2005). "Janne Rydberg – his life and work" (PDF). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 235 (1–4): 17–22. Bibcode:2005NIMPB.235...17M. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2005.03.137.
- ^ Šibalić, Nikola; S Adams, Charles (2018). Rydberg Physics. IOP Publishing. Bibcode:2018ryph.book.....S. doi:10.1088/978-0-7503-1635-4. ISBN 9780750316354.
External links
edit
Media related to Johannes Rydberg at Wikimedia Commons- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Johannes Rydberg", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
