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John B. Goodenough

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John Bannister Goodenough (/ˈɡʊdɪnʌf/ GUUD-in-uf; July 25, 1922 – June 25, 2023) was an American materials scientist, a solid-state physicist, and a Nobel laureate in chemistry. From 1986 he was a professor of Materials Science, Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering,[3] at the University of Texas at Austin. He is credited with identifying the Goodenough–Kanamori rules of the sign of the magnetic superexchange in materials, with developing materials for computer random-access memory and with inventing cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

John B. Goodenough
Goodenough in 2019
Born
John Bannister Goodenough

(1922-07-25)July 25, 1922
Jena, Thuringia, German Reich
DiedJune 25, 2023(2023-06-25) (aged 100)
Austin, Texas, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Education
Known for
Spouse
Irene Wiseman
​
​
(m. 1951; died 2016)​
FatherErwin Ramsdell Goodenough
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Institutions
ThesisA theory of the deviation from close packing in hexagonal metal crystals (1952)
Doctoral advisorClarence Zener
Notable students

Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, to American parents. During and after graduating from Yale University, Goodenough served as a U.S. military meteorologist in World War II. He went on to obtain his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Chicago, became a researcher at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and later the head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford.

Goodenough was awarded the National Medal of Science, the Copley Medal, the Fermi Award, the Draper Prize, and the Japan Prize. The John B. Goodenough Award in materials science is named for him. In 2019, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino; at 97 years old, he became the oldest Nobel laureate in history.[4] From August 27, 2021, until his death, he was the oldest living Nobel Prize laureate.

Personal life and education

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John Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, on July 25, 1922,[5] to American parents, Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough (1893–1965) and Helen Miriam (Lewis) Goodenough.[6] He came from an academic family. His father, a graduate student at Oxford when John was born, eventually became a professor of religious history at Yale.[7][8] His brother Ward became an anthropology professor at the University of Pennsylvania.[9] John also had two half-siblings from his father's second marriage: Ursula Goodenough, emeritus professor of biology at Washington University in St. Louis; and Daniel Goodenough, emeritus professor of biology at Harvard Medical School.[10]

In his school years Goodenough suffered from dyslexia. At the time, dyslexia was poorly understood by the medical community, and Goodenough's condition went undiagnosed and untreated.[10] Although his primary schools considered him "a backward student," he taught himself to write so that he could take the entrance exam for Groton School, the boarding school where his older brother was studying at the time.[10][11] He was awarded a full scholarship.[7] At Groton, his grades improved and he eventually graduated at the top of his class in 1940.[10][12] He also developed an interest in exploring nature, plants, and animals.[13] Although he was raised an atheist, he converted to Protestant Christianity in high school.[11][14][15]

After Groton, Goodenough graduated summa cum laude from Yale, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.[16] He completed his coursework in early 1943 (after just two and a half years) and received his degree in 1944,[17] covering his expenses by tutoring and grading exams.[16] He had initially sought to enlist in the military following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, but his mathematics professor convinced him to stay at Yale for another year so that he could finish his coursework, which qualified him to join the U.S. Army Air Corps' meteorology department.[11][16]

After World War II ended, Goodenough obtained a master's degree and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago, the latter in 1952.[11][18] His doctoral supervisor was Clarence Zener, a theorist in electrical breakdown; he also worked and studied with physicists, including Enrico Fermi and John A. Simpson. While at Chicago, he met Canadian history graduate student Irene Wiseman.[19][20] They married in 1951.[10][7] The couple had no children.[10] Irene died in 2016.[20]

Goodenough turned 100 on July 25, 2022.[21] He died at an assisted living facility in Austin, Texas, on June 25, 2023, one month shy of what would have been his 101st birthday.[22][23][10]

Career and research

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Goodenough discusses his research and career.

Over his career, Goodenough authored more than 550 articles, 85 book chapters and reviews, and five books, including two seminal works, Magnetism and the Chemical Bond (1963)[24] and Les oxydes des metaux de transition (1973).[25]

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

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After his studies, Goodenough was a research scientist and team leader at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory for 24 years. At MIT, he was part of an interdisciplinary team responsible for developing random access magnetic memory.[26] His research focused on magnetism and on the metal–insulator transition behavior in transition-metal oxides. His research efforts on RAM led him to develop the concepts of cooperative orbital ordering, also known as a cooperative Jahn–Teller distortion, in oxide materials.[27] They subsequently led him to develop (with Junjiro Kanamori) the Goodenough–Kanamori rules, a set of semi-empirical rules to predict the sign of the magnetic superexchange in materials; superexchange is a core property for high-temperature superconductivity.[28][29][30]

University of Oxford

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Blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry commemorating work towards the rechargeable lithium-ion battery at Oxford

The U.S. government eventually terminated Goodenough's research funding, so during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he left the United States and continued his career as head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford.[27] Among the highlights of his work at Oxford, Goodenough is credited with significant research essential to the development of commercial lithium-ion rechargeable batteries.[27] Goodenough was able to expand upon previous work from M. Stanley Whittingham on battery materials, and found in 1980 that by using LixCoO2 as a lightweight, high energy density cathode material, he could double the capacity of lithium-ion batteries.

Although Goodenough saw a commercial potential of batteries with his LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 cathodes and approached Oxford University with a request to patent this invention, Oxford refused. Unable to afford the patenting expenses with his academic salary, Goodenough turned to UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, which accepted his offer, but under the terms, which provided zero royalty payment to the inventors John B. Goodenough and Koichi Mizushima. In 1990, the AERE licensed Goodenough's patents to Sony Corporation, which was followed by other battery manufacturers. It was estimated, that the AERE made over 10 mln. British pounds from this licensing.[citation needed]

The work at Sony on further improvements to Goodenough's invention was led by Akira Yoshino, who had developed a scaled up design of the battery and manufacturing process.[31] Goodenough received the Japan Prize in 2001 for his discoveries of the materials critical to the development of lightweight high energy density rechargeable lithium batteries,[32] and he, Whittingham, and Yoshino shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research in lithium-ion batteries.[31]

University of Texas

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From 1986, Goodenough was a professor at The University of Texas at Austin in the Cockrell School of Engineering departments of Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering.[33] During his tenure there, he continued his research on ionic conducting solids and electrochemical devices; he continued to study improved materials for batteries, aiming to promote the development of electric vehicles and to help reduce human dependency on fossil fuels.[34] Arumugam Manthiram and Goodenough discovered the polyanion class of cathodes.[35][36][37] They showed that positive electrodes containing polyanions, e.g., sulfates, produce higher voltages than oxides due to the inductive effect of the polyanion. The polyanion class includes materials such as lithium-iron phosphates that are used for smaller devices like power tools.[38] His group also identified various promising electrode and electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells.[25] He held the Virginia H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering.[39]

Goodenough still worked at the university at age 98 as of 2021,[40] hoping to find another breakthrough in battery technology.[41][42]

On February 28, 2017, Goodenough and his team at the University of Texas published a paper in the journal Energy and Environmental Science on their demonstration of a glass battery, a low-cost all-solid-state battery that is noncombustible and has a long cycle life with a high volumetric energy density, and fast rates of charge and discharge. Instead of liquid electrolytes, the battery uses glass electrolytes that enable the use of an alkali-metal anode without the formation of dendrites.[43][42][44] However, this paper was met with widespread skepticism by the battery research community and remains controversial after several follow-up works. The work was criticized for a lack of comprehensive data,[45] spurious interpretations of the data obtained,[45] and that the proposed mechanism of battery operation would violate the first law of thermodynamics.[46]

In April 2020, a patent was filed for the glass battery on behalf of Portugal's National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), the University of Porto, Portugal, and the University of Texas.[47]

Advisory work

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In 2010, Goodenough joined the technical advisory board of Enevate, a silicon-dominant Li-ion battery technology startup based in Irvine, California.[48] Goodenough also served as an adviser to the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), a collaboration led by Argonne National Laboratory and funded by the Department of Energy.[49] From 2016, Goodenough also worked as an adviser for Battery500, a national consortium led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.[50][51]

Distinctions and awards

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Goodenough receiving the 2009 Enrico Fermi Award from U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu.

Goodenough was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1976 for his work designing materials for electronic components and clarifying the relationships between the properties, structures, and chemistry of substances. He was also a member of the American National Academy of Sciences and its French, Spanish, and Indian counterparts.[52] In 2010, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.[53] The Royal Society of Chemistry grants a John B. Goodenough Award in his honor.[27]

Goodenough received the following awards:

Goodenough was 97 when he received the Nobel Prize. He remains the oldest person ever to have been awarded the prize.

Works

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Main article: John B. Goodenough bibliography

Selected articles

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Selected books

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Thackeray, M. M.; David, W. I. F.; Bruce, P. G.; Goodenough, J. B. (1983). "Lithium insertion into manganese spinels". Materials Research Bulletin. 18 (4): 461–472. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(83)90138-1.
  2. ^ "John B. Goodenough Nobel Lecture". Nobel Prize.
  3. ^ "Welcome to the Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering". Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering.
  4. ^ a b Specia, Megan (October 9, 2019). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work on Lithium-Ion Batteries – John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino were recognized for research that "laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil-fuel-free society."". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  5. ^ "John B. Goodenough". American Institute of Physics.
  6. ^ Mattes, Eleanor Bustin (1997). Myth for Moderns: Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough and Religious Studies in America, 1938–1955. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3339-5 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ a b c "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  8. ^ "Collection: Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough papers | Archives at Yale". archives.yale.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  9. ^ "Ward H. Goodenough papers". University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g McFadden, Robert (June 26, 2023). "John B. Goodenough, 100, Dies; Nobel-Winning Creator of the Lithium-Ion Battery". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d Gregg, Helen (Summer 2016). "His Current Quest". The University of Chicago Magazine. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  12. ^ LeVine, Steve (February 5, 2015). "The man who brought us the lithium-ion battery at the age of 57 has an idea for a new one at 92". Quartz (publication). Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  13. ^ The Powerhouse: America, China, and the Great Battery War. 2016. S. Levine.
  14. ^ Friedman, Gail (Fall 2019). "Battery Genius" (PDF). Groton School Quarterly: 19–21.
  15. ^ October 14th, Eternity News |; Comment, 2019 02:44 PM | Add a (October 14, 2019). "Winners of this year's Nobel prizes follow Jesus – Eternity News". www.eternitynews.com.au. Retrieved May 8, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ a b c Goodenough, John B. (2008). Witness to Grace. PublishAmerica. ISBN 978-1-4626-0757-0 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Belli, Brita (October 9, 2019). "Nobel laureate John Goodenough '44 inspires next generation of scientists". YaleNews. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  18. ^ Goodenough, John B. (1952). A theory of the deviation from close packing in hexagonal metal crystals (Ph.D. thesis). The University of Chicago. OCLC 44609164 – via ProQuest.
  19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019".
  20. ^ a b Olinto, Angela (September 9, 2019). "University of Chicago alum John B. Goodenough shares Nobel Prize for invention of lithium-ion battery". UChicago News. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  21. ^ Manthiram, Arumugam (July 8, 2022). "John Goodenough's 100th Birthday Celebration: His Impact on Science and Humanity". ACS Energy Letters. 7 (7): 2404–2406. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01343. ISSN 2380-8195. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  22. ^ "Goodenough, Nobel laureate who gave the world Li-ion batteries, passes away". www.thehindubusinessline.com. June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  23. ^ "UT Mourns Lithium-Ion Battery Inventor and Nobel Prize Recipient John Goodenough". UTexas.edu. June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  24. ^ Jacoby, Mitch (September 13, 2017). "Goodenough wins 2017 Welch Award". Chemical and Engineering News. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  25. ^ a b Perks, Bea (December 22, 2014). "Goodenough rules". Chemistry World. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  26. ^ Ryan, Dorothy (October 9, 2019). "Longtime MIT Lincoln Laboratory researcher wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry". MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  27. ^ a b c d "Royal Society of Chemistry – John B Goodenough Award". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
  28. ^ J. B. Goodenough (1955). "Theory of the Role of Covalence in the Perovskite-Type Manganites [La, M(II)]MnO3". Physical Review. 100 (2): 564. Bibcode:1955PhRv..100..564G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.100.564.
  29. ^ John B. Goodenough (1958). "An interpretation of the magnetic properties of the perovskite-type mixed crystals La1−xSrxCoO3−λ". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 6 (2–3): 287. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(58)90107-0.
  30. ^ J. Kanamori (1959). "Superexchange interaction and symmetry properties of electron orbitals". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 10 (2–3): 87. Bibcode:1959JPCS...10...87K. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(59)90061-7.
  31. ^ a b Kim, Allen (October 9, 2019). "John B. Goodenough just became the oldest person, at 97, to win a Nobel Prize". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  32. ^ "The 2001 (17th) Japan Prize". Japan Prize Foundation. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  33. ^ Henderson, Jim (June 5, 2004). "UT professor, 81, is mired in patent lawsuit". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  34. ^ MacFarlene, Sarah (August 9, 2018). "The Battery Pioneer Who, at Age 96, Keeps Going and Going". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  35. ^ Masquelier, Christian; Croguennec, Laurence (2013). "Polyanionic (Phosphates, Silicates, Sulfates) Frameworks as Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Li (or Na) Batteries". Chemical Reviews. 113 (8): 6552–6591. doi:10.1021/cr3001862. PMID 23742145.
  36. ^ Manthiram, A.; Goodenough, J. B. (1989). "Lithium insertion into Fe2(SO4)3 frameworks". Journal of Power Sources. 26 (3–4): 403–408. Bibcode:1989JPS....26..403M. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(89)80153-3.
  37. ^ Manthiram, A.; Goodenough, J. B. (1987). "Lithium insertion into Fe2(MO4)3 frameworks: Comparison of M = W with M = Mo". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 71 (2): 349–360. Bibcode:1987JSSCh..71..349M. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(87)90242-8.
  38. ^ Lerner, Louise (October 9, 2019). "University of Chicago alum John B. Goodenough shares Nobel Prize for invention of lithium-ion battery". The University of Chicago. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  39. ^ "John Goodenough – Department of Mechanical Engineering". University of Texas. Retrieved October 10, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  40. ^ Nobel Prize in Chemistry Goes to John Goodenough of The University of Texas at Austin (October 9, 2019)
  41. ^ LeVine, Steve (February 5, 2015). "The man who brought us the lithium-ion battery at the age of 57 has an idea for a new one at 92". Quartz. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
  42. ^ a b "Lithium-Ion Battery Inventor Introduces New Technology for Fast-Charging, Noncombustible Batteries". Cockrell School of Engineering. February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  43. ^ Braga, M.H.; Grundish, N.S.; Murchison, A.J.; Goodenough, J.B. (December 9, 2016). "Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery". Energy and Environmental Science. 10: 331–336. doi:10.1039/C6EE02888H.
  44. ^ "Lithium-ion battery inventor introduces new technology for fast-charging, noncombustible batteries". EurekAlert!. February 28, 2017.
  45. ^ a b Lacey, Matt (March 29, 2017). "On the skepticism surrounding the "Goodenough battery"". Matt Lacey. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  46. ^ Steingart, Daniel A.; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian (January 17, 2018). "Comment on "Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery" by M. H. Braga, N. S. Grundish, A. J. Murchison and J. B. Goodenough, Energy Environ. Sci., 2017, 10, 331–336". Energy & Environmental Science. 11 (1): 221–222. doi:10.1039/C7EE01318C. ISSN 1754-5706.
  47. ^ Schmidt, Bridie (April 6, 2020). "Li-ion co-inventor patents glass battery that could upturn auto industry". The Driven. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  48. ^ "Enevate Adviser Shares Nobel". OCBJ. October 9, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  49. ^ "His current quest". The University of Chicago Magazine. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  50. ^ Ssz57 (July 27, 2016). "Battery Research Consortium Chosen by DOE to Advance Electric Cars". UT News. Retrieved January 28, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ "Charging Up the Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries". Energy.gov. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  52. ^ "John B. Goodenough". National Academy of Engineering. 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  53. ^ "John Goodenough". Royal Society. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
  54. ^ "Secretary Chu Names 2009 Enrico Fermi Award Winners" (Press release). APS Physics. April 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  55. ^ "Obama honors recipients of science, innovation and technology medals". CBS. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  56. ^ "2014 Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering Recipients". National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  57. ^ "Past Award Recipients". Welch Award in Chemistry. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  58. ^ "Prahalad Award 2017". Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  59. ^ "Inventor of the lithium-ion battery, Professor John Goodenough, awarded Royal Society's prestigious Copley Medal | Royal Society". royalsociety.org.

Further reading

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Scholia has an author profile for John B. Goodenough.
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