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John Burland

(Redirected from John Boscawen Burland)
For the judge, see John Burland (judge).

John Boscawen Burland (born 4 March 1936) is a geotechnical engineer, Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Investigator at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Imperial College London, and a noted expert in the field of soil mechanics.[1]

John Burland
CBE FRS FREng FGS FICE FIStructE
John Burland in Cambridge, 2016
Born (1936-03-04) 4 March 1936 (age 88)
Buckinghamshire, England
Alma materWitwatersrand University
University of Cambridge
Known forDevelopment of Critical state theory of soil mechanics
Stabilisation of the Leaning Tower of Pisa
Scientific career
FieldsCivil Engineering
Soil Mechanics
Geotechnical Engineering
InstitutionsOve Arup & Partners
Thesis Deformation of soft clay  (1967)
Doctoral advisorKenneth H. Roscoe

In 2016, Burland was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to geotechnical engineering and the design, construction, and preservation of civil infrastructure and heritage buildings.[2][3]

Early life and education

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John Burland was born in Buckinghamshire in 1936, but moved to South Africa as a child.[4] He attended Parktown Boys' High School and then received a First Class Honours BSc degree in civil engineering from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1959, followed by an MSc.[5]

His MSc work led to the publication in of a landmark[4] technical paper in Géotechnique, co-authored with his supervising professor Jeremiah Jennings.[6][7] Burland's findings showed that the conventional approach of using effective stress to predict soil behaviour required adjustment for partly saturated conditions. The paper challenged the universality of the effective stress principle by demonstrating that its predictive accuracy diminishes under conditions of partial soil saturation, which led to a re-evaluation of some foundational concepts in soil mechanics.[8][9]

Burland returned to England in 1961 and took up a position with Ove Arup & Partners in London, where he provided soil mechanics expertise for the design of what was then London’s tallest building, BP’s Britannic House headquarters in Moorgate.[10]

In 1963, Burland commenced a PhD at the University of Cambridge under the supervision of professor Kenneth H. Roscoe. He published his thesis, Deformation of soft clay, in 1967.[11]

Career and achievements

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Burland joined the Building Research Station in 1966, becoming Head of the Geotechnics Division in 1972 and Assistant Director in 1979.[12][13]

In 1980 he was appointed to the Chair of Soil Mechanics at Imperial College London, where he served for over 20 years and was Head of the Geotechnics Section. His move to Imperial gave him the chance to collaborate with Alec Skempton. Holding Skempton in high regard, Burland paid homage by christening Skempton’s former office with a sign that read “Skem’s Room” after he was given the room on Skempton’s retirement.[13][14] Burland also undertook lectures at several universities and institutions, including his alma mater, Witwatersrand.[4]

He received media attention in the 1990s and early 2000s as one of the engineers who supervised the soil extraction work which stabilised the Leaning Tower of Pisa.[15][16][17][18][19][20] In recognition of this, he was awarded the Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Francis I of the Two Sicilies by the Duke of Castro in November 2001,[21] and awarded the Commendatore of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity (OSSI) by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in 2003.[22]

Burland was involved in ensuring that the Houses of Parliament and Big Ben were unharmed by the extension of the London Underground Jubilee line.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] He worked on the construction of a large underground car park at the Palace of Westminster and the stabilising of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City.[4][25]

The Leaning Tower of Pisa Stabilisation Project, 1990 - 2001

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After the collapse of the Civic Tower in Pavia in 1989, which killed four people, the stability of the tower at Pisa was widely questioned. In March 1990, Burland was asked by the Government of Italy to be part of a 14-member committee charged with stabilising the Leaning Tower of Pisa. With direct involvement in the project over 11 years, Burland made significant contributions to the work, which involved an innovative approach to counteract the tower's precarious lean. The project aimed to ensure the long-term stability of the historic structure without compromising its integrity.[31][32][33][34]

Burland and his team faced numerous challenges, including understanding the complex soil mechanics and historical construction techniques of the tower. The tower, resting on weak, highly compressible soils, has increasingly leaned over the centuries, reaching a state of leaning instability which by the late 20th century had threatened to cause a collapse. Burland concluded that any attempt to disturb or strengthen the ground on the south side, such as through underpinning or grouting, would be extremely hazardous due to the tower's precarious condition and the high stress on its masonry, risking collapse.[35]

In line with international conservation standards for valuable historic monuments, any interventions needed to minimally impact its integrity, preserving its history, and craftsmanship, with little to no visible changes. Burland's approach included both temporary and permanent stabilisation measures. Initially, temporary stabilisation was achieved by applying 900 tonnes of lead weights on the north side of the foundations, using a post-tensioned concrete ring. This method, and accurate prediction of tower behaviour using numerical models, was crucial in stabilising the tower while permanent solutions were developed. The permanent solution aimed to reduce the tower's inclination by about 10 per cent, a strategy expected to significantly prolong the tower's lifespan without invasive actions like propping or underpinning.[29]

The soil extraction process used in the Leaning Tower of Pisa project was a pivotal aspect of the stabilisation work. This technique involved the careful removal of soil from beneath the north side of the tower's foundations. This strategic extraction allowed for a controlled and gradual reduction of the tower's lean, reducing stress on the masonry and enhancing the structure's stability. Burland's implementation of this method was crucial in achieving the desired reduction in the tower's inclination without invasive structural interventions.[36]

Underground Car Park at the Houses of Parliament, 1972 - 1974

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A proposal to construct an underground car park for Members of Parliament at Westminster had been considered for many years. New Palace Yard was eventually chosen despite the engineering challenges posed by the proximity of significant buildings. The project involved constructing an 18.5-metre-deep underground car park in close proximity to the historic Palace of Westminster, including Westminster Hall, the House of Commons, and the Big Ben Clock Tower.[37]

The design was heavily influenced by geotechnical considerations. Burland personally split and inspected London Clay soil samples from numerous boreholes at the site. London Clay is an ideal medium for deep excavations, as it has good shear strength and low permeability. However, it is susceptible to volumetric changes depending upon its moisture content.[38][39]

Burland's analysis revealed that thin partings of silt and sand within the structure of the London Clay at New Palace Yard were problematic, giving rise to the possibility of flow through the soil. Burland identified that pore water pressures in the clay were in hydrostatic equilibrium with the water table in the overlying gravel, and insisted on special measures to prevent the risk of a catastrophic hydraulic uplift of the excavation base during the construction.[40]

Finite-element analysis was conducted to understand the behaviour of the structure and surrounding ground, using soil parameters derived from full-scale measurements in the London area. Burland and his team supervised a comprehensive monitoring programme, observing the movement of nearby buildings, displacement of retaining walls, base heave, and the verticality of the Big Ben Clock Tower. Significant vertical and horizontal ground movements, extending more than three times the depth of the excavation, were recorded. The predicted and measured movements were compared, and their effects on surrounding buildings were analysed.[37]

A reinforced concrete diaphragm wall, strutted by permanent concrete floors, was selected to minimise ground movement. Construction commenced in July 1972 and was completed in September 1974, with the main excavation occurring successfully under Burland's supervision, between April and November 1973.[37]

Research, teaching, and publishing

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Burland's work has included teaching, research, and publications on numerous geotechnical engineering topics, including the principles and limitations of the use of effective stress in certain soil conditions,[6] soil-structure interaction,[41] the influence of foundation movements on building performance near excavations,[42][43] deep excavations and tunnels,[44][45] piled foundations,[46][47] foundations on difficult ground including shrinking and swelling clays,[48] the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils,[49] and the strength and stiffness of clays.[13][50][51]

In addition to university teaching work and research, Burland has made several media appearances to explain soil mechanics to a broad audience.[52][20] He was guest speaker at the 2023 Terzaghi Day, held annually by the American Society of Civil Engineers Geo-Institute on the birthday of Karl von Terzaghi.[53]

Critical state soil mechanics

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Burland’s PhD research on critical state soil mechanics saw him challenge several aspects of the Cam Clay constitutive model for reconstituted clays, and led to his development of the Modified Cam-Clay Model.[54][55]

Awards

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His contribution to soil mechanics has been acknowledged internationally, and he was invited to deliver the 30th Rankine Lecture of the British Geotechnical Association titled On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays.[56] He was awarded the Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal in 1997. In 2002 he presented the Higginson Lecture[57] and the Victor de Mello Lecture.[58]

He was appointed as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering,[59] and appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2005 New Year Honours for services to geotechnical engineering.[60] Burland also received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1994.[61] In 2006 he was awarded the Royal Academy of Engineering’s Rooke Award in recognition of his work in generating interest in engineering amongst the public and the media.[62][4] His awards and decorations include:[22][4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Burland, John B.; Mair, Robert James (2013). "Sir Alan Marshall Muir Wood FREng FICE. 8 August 1921 -- 1 February 2009". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 59: 261–276. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2013.0011.
  2. ^ "National Academy of Engineering Elects 80 Members and 22 Foreign Members". NAE Website. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Professor John Boscawen Burland". NAE Website. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "John Boscawen Burland - Wits University". www.wits.ac.za. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  5. ^ "John Burland CBE FREng". Ingenia. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b Jennings, J. E. B.; Burland, J. B. (1962). "Limitations to the Use of Effective Stresses in Partly Saturated Soils". Géotechnique. 12 (2): 125–144. Bibcode:1962Getq...12..125J. doi:10.1680/geot.1962.12.2.125. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Institution of Civil Engineers Virtual Library.
  7. ^ Escario, V.; Sáez, J. (1986). "The shear strength of partly saturated soils". Géotechnique. 36 (3): 453–456. Bibcode:1986Getq...36..453E. doi:10.1680/geot.1986.36.3.453. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Institution of Civil Engineers Virtual Library.
  8. ^ Bishop, A. W.; Blight, G. E. (1963). "Some Aspects of Effective Stress in Saturated and Partly Saturated Soils". Géotechnique. 13 (3): 177–197. Bibcode:1963Getq...13..177B. doi:10.1680/geot.1963.13.3.177. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via Institution of Civil Engineers Virtual Library.
  9. ^ Sridharan, A.; Rao, G. Venkatappa; Pandian, R. Samudra (1973). "Volume Change Behaviour of Partly Saturated Clays During Soaking and the Role of Effective Stress Concept". Soils and Foundations. 13 (3): 1–15. Bibcode:1973SoFou..13R...1S. doi:10.3208/sandf1972.13.3_1.
  10. ^ Smith, Claire (17 January 2013). "Towering Achievements". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  11. ^ Charytoniuk, M. (2010). "University of Cambridge Geotechnical and Environmental Research Group: PhD List 1951-2021". www-geo.eng.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  12. ^ "John Burland". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  13. ^ a b c "Emeritus Professor John Burland". www.imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  14. ^ Burland, J. B. (2008). "The founders of Géotechnique". Géotechnique. 58 (5): 327–341. Bibcode:2008Getq...58..327B. doi:10.1680/geot.2008.58.5.327. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  15. ^ Burland, J. B.; Jamiolkowski, M.; Viggiani, C. (1998). "Stabilising the leaning tower of Pisa". Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 57 (1): 91–99. Bibcode:1998BuEGE..57...91B. doi:10.1007/s100640050025. S2CID 110640563.
  16. ^ Morley, Jane (9 December 1998). "Tilting the Tower of Pisa". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  17. ^ Radford, Tim (8 September 2000). "Tube lesson helps save Pisa's tower". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  18. ^ Smart, Alastair (28 July 2010). "Solving the 800-year mystery of Pisa's Leaning Tower". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  19. ^ "Prof. who helped save Leaning Tower of Pisa returns to Italy to celebrate 20-year milestone | Imperial News | Imperial College London". Imperial News. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  20. ^ a b "The Leaning Tower Fix, 1993". BBC Archive. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  21. ^ "Delegation Knight Professor John Burland awarded a CBE in the New Year's Honours - Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George". 6 January 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  22. ^ a b "Honours and Memberships - Emeritus Professor John Burland". www.imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  23. ^ Standing, J. R.; Burland, J. B. (2006). "Unexpected tunnelling volume losses in the Westminster area, London". Géotechnique. 56 (1): 11–26. Bibcode:2006Getq...56...11S. doi:10.1680/geot.2006.56.1.11. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  24. ^ Bilotta, Emilio; Flora, Alessandro; Lirer, Stefania; Viggiani, Carlo; Associazione Geotecnica Italiana; International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, eds. (2013). Geotechnics and heritage. Boca Raton London New York Leiden: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-138-00054-4.
  25. ^ a b "The horizontal response of framed buildings on individual footings to excavation-induced movements", Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, CRC Press, pp. 913–920, 5 September 2012, doi:10.1201/b12748-120, ISBN 978-0-429-21279-6, retrieved 16 December 2023
  26. ^ Potts, D; Burland, J; Franzius, J (2006), "Twist behaviour of buildings due to tunnel induced ground movement", Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Taylor & Francis, doi:10.1201/noe0415391245.ch11 (inactive 11 November 2024), ISBN 978-0-415-39124-5, retrieved 16 December 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  27. ^ Burland, J. B.; Standing, J. R.; Jardine, F. M., eds. (2001). Building response to tunnelling - Case studies from construction of the jubilee line extension, London: Volume 1: Projects and methods. London: Thomas Telford. ISBN 978-0-7277-3017-6.
  28. ^ Wan, M.S.P.; Standing, J.R.; Potts, D.M.; Burland, J.B. (2021), "Measured post-construction ground response to EPBM tunnelling in London Clay", Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, CRC Press, pp. 191–198, doi:10.1201/9780429321559-25, ISBN 978-0-429-32155-9, retrieved 16 December 2023
  29. ^ a b Johnston, G.; Burland, J. (2004), "Some Historic Examples of Underexcavation", Advances in geotechnical engineering: The Skempton conference, Conference Proceedings, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp. 1068–1079, doi:10.1680/aigev2.32644.0033 (inactive 1 November 2024), retrieved 16 December 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  30. ^ Burland, J.B. (2008). "Reflections on Victor de Mello, Friend, Engineer and Philosopher". Soils and Rocks. 31 (3): 111–123. doi:10.28927/sr.313111. ISSN 1980-9743. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  31. ^ "Engineers 'terrified' over risks to leaning tower". Irish Examiner. 16 June 2001. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  32. ^ Burland, J.B.; Jamiolkowski, M.B.; Squeglia, N.; Viggiani, C. (21 August 2020), "The Leaning Tower of Pisa", The Tower of Pisa, First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, [2020] | Series: Built heritage and geotechnics, 2640-026X ; 3: CRC Press, pp. 3–5, doi:10.1201/9781003046127-2, retrieved 16 December 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  33. ^ Burland, J.B. (2000). "Pisa goes critical". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 25 (2): 136–140. Bibcode:2000ISRv...25..136B. doi:10.1179/030801800679152. ISSN 0308-0188. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  34. ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa 'leaning less'". New Civil Engineer. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  35. ^ Burland, John B. (2002). "The Stabilization of the Leaning Tower of Pisa". Journal of Architectural Conservation. 8 (3): 7–23. doi:10.1080/13556207.2002.10785324. ISSN 1355-6207. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  36. ^ Burland, J.B.; Jamiolkowski, M.B.; Squeglia, N.; Viggiani, C. (2020), "Leaning Tower of Pisa: Behaviour after stabilization operations.", ISSMGE International Journal of Geoengineering Case Histories, pp. 3–5, doi:10.1201/9781003046127-2, retrieved 16 December 2023
  37. ^ a b c Burland, J.B.; Hancock, R.J.R. (1977). "Underground car park at the House of Commons, London: Geotechnical aspects". The Structural Engineer. 55 (2): 87–100.
  38. ^ González, N.A.; Rouainia, M.; Arroyo, M.; Gens, A. (2012). "Analysis of tunnel excavation in London Clay incorporating soil structure". Géotechnique. 62 (12): 1095–1109. Bibcode:2012Getq...62.1095G. doi:10.1680/geot.11.P.030. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  39. ^ Ward, W. H.; Samuels, S. G.; Butler, Muriel E. (1959). "Further Studies of the Properties of London Clay". Géotechnique. 9 (2): 33–58. Bibcode:1959Getq....9...33W. doi:10.1680/geot.1959.9.2.33. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  40. ^ Burland, J B; Mair, R J; Standing, J R (2004), "Ground performance and building response due to tunnelling", Advances in geotechnical engineering: The Skempton conference, Conference Proceedings, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp. 291–342, doi:10.1680/aigev1.32644, ISBN 978-0-7277-3264-4, retrieved 16 December 2023
  41. ^ Jardine, R. J.; Potts, D. M.; Fourie, A. B.; Burland, J. B. (1986). "Studies of the influence of non-linear stress–strain characteristics in soil–structure interaction". Géotechnique. 36 (3): 377–396. Bibcode:1986Getq...36..377J. doi:10.1680/geot.1986.36.3.377. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  42. ^ Yu, Jessica; Standing, Jamie; Vollum, Robert; Potts, David; Burland, John (2015). "Stress and strain monitoring at Tottenham Court Road Station, London, UK". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings. 168 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1680/stbu.14.00012. ISSN 0965-0911.
  43. ^ Potts, D; Burland, J; Franzius, J (2006), "Twist behaviour of buildings due to tunnel induced ground movement", Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Taylor & Francis, doi:10.1201/noe0415391245.ch11 (inactive 11 November 2024), ISBN 978-0-415-39124-5, retrieved 16 December 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  44. ^ Wan, Michael S. P.; Standing, Jamie R.; Potts, David M.; Burland, John B.; Parker, Steve; Thomas, Ivor (2021). "Pore water pressure and total horizontal stress response to EPBM tunnelling in London Clay". Géotechnique. 71 (4): 368–372. Bibcode:2021Getq...71..368W. doi:10.1680/jgeot.19.D.007. hdl:10044/1/75998. ISSN 0016-8505.
  45. ^ Standing, J.; Burland, J. (2006), "Investigating variations in tunnelling volume loss – a case study", Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Taylor & Francis, doi:10.1201/noe0415391245.ch40 (inactive 11 November 2024), ISBN 978-0-415-39124-5, retrieved 16 December 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  46. ^ Burland, J.B.; Federico, A. (2005). "Comment on "Use of the ranking distance as an index for assessing the accuracy and precision of equations for the bearing capacity of piles and at-rest earth pressure coefficient"". Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 42 (6): 1718–1719. doi:10.1139/t05-076. ISSN 0008-3674. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  47. ^ Haswell, C.K.; Burland, J.B.; Cornfield, G.M. (1973). "Prediction of load carrying capacity of piles". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 54 (4): 753–755. doi:10.1680/iicep.1973.4194. ISSN 1753-7789. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  48. ^ Schreiner, H.D.; Burland, J.B. (1991), "A comparison of the three swell test procedures", Proceedings of the 10th Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London: Routledge, pp. 259–266, doi:10.1201/9780203753330-39, ISBN 978-0-203-75333-0, retrieved 16 December 2023
  49. ^ Cunningham, M. R.; Ridley, A. M.; Dineen, K.; Burland, J. B. (2003). "The mechanical behaviour of a reconstituted unsaturated silty clay". Géotechnique. 53 (2): 183–194. Bibcode:2003Getq...53..183C. doi:10.1680/geot.2003.53.2.183. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  50. ^ Jardine, R. J.; Symes, M. J.; Burland, J. B. (1984). "The Measurement of soil stiffness in the triaxial apparatus". Géotechnique. 34 (3): 323–340. Bibcode:1984Getq...34..323J. doi:10.1680/geot.1984.34.3.323. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  51. ^ Georgiannou, V. N.; Burland, J. B. (2006). "A laboratory study of slip surface formation in an intact natural stiff clay". Géotechnique. 56 (8): 551–559. Bibcode:2006Getq...56..551G. doi:10.1680/geot.2006.56.8.551. ISSN 0016-8505. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  52. ^ "Bare Essentials of Soil Mechanics by John Burland – a brief review". www.issmge.org. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  53. ^ ATA (27 September 2023). "Terzaghi Day returns with special guest John Burland – Oct. 2". Geosynthetics Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  54. ^ Graham, J.; Tanaka, N.; Crilly, T.; Alfaro, M. (2001). "Modified Cam-Clay modelling of temperature effects in clays". Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 38 (3): 608. doi:10.1139/cgj-38-3-608.
  55. ^ Burland, John B.; Penman, Arthur C.M.; Gallagher, Kenneth A. (1978). "Behaviour Of A Gravity Foundation Under Working And Failure Conditions". All Days. SPE. doi:10.2118/8051-ms. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  56. ^ Burland, J. B. (1990). "On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays". Géotechnique. 40 (3): 329–378. Bibcode:1990Getq...40..329B. doi:10.1680/geot.1990.40.3.329.
  57. ^ "School of Engineering and Computing Sciences (ECS) : Speakers abridgment - Durham University". Dur.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  58. ^ "1a Palestra Victor de Mello (in Portuguese)". Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  59. ^ "List of Fellows". Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  60. ^ "No. 57509". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2004. p. 7.
  61. ^ "Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates". www1.hw.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  62. ^ "Rooke Award: Previous winners". Royal Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
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