John Doyle Lee (September 6, 1812 – March 23, 1877) was an American pioneer, and prominent early member of the Latter Day Saint Movement in Utah. Lee was later excommunicated from the Church and convicted of mass murder for his complicity in the 1857 Mountain Meadows Massacre. He was sentenced to death and, in 1877, was executed by firing squad at the site of the massacre.
| John D. Lee | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of the Council of Fifty[1] | |
| 1844 – March 23, 1877 | |
| Called by | Brigham Young 14 March and 11 April 1844. |
| End reason | Death[1] |
| Member of the Utah Territorial Legislature | |
| In office | |
| 1858 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Doyle Lee September 6, 1812 Illinois Territory, U.S. |
| Died | March 23, 1877 (aged 64) Mountain Meadows, Utah Territory, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Execution by firing squad |
| Resting place | Panguitch City Cemetery 37°48′57.96″N 112°24′56.88″W / 37.8161000°N 112.4158000°W |
| Spouse(s) | Agatha Ann Woolsey Nancy Bean Louisa Free Sarah Caroline Williams Rachel Andora Woolsey Polly Ann Workman Martha Elizabeth Berry Delethia Morris Nancy Ann Vance Emoline Vaughn Woolsey Nancy Gibbons Mary Vance Young Lavina Young Mary Leah Groves Mary Ann Williams Emma Louise Batchelor Terressa Morse Ann Gordge |
| Children | 56 |
Early Mormon leader
editLee was born on September 6, 1812, in Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory, and joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1838. He was a friend of Joseph Smith, founder of the church, and was the adopted son of Brigham Young under the early Latter Day Saint law of adoption doctrine. In 1839, Lee served as a missionary with his boyhood friend, Levi Stewart. Together they preached in Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. During this period Lee converted and baptized "Wild Bill" Hickman. Lee practiced plural marriage and had 19 wives (at least eleven of whom eventually left him) along with 56 children.
Lee was a member of the Danites, a fraternal vigilante organization. The Danites were first organized in Caldwell County, Missouri, during the Mormon War. Lee was also an official scribe for the Council of Fifty, a group of men who provided guidance in practical matters to the church, specifically concerning the move westward out of the established areas United States in the east to the Rocky Mountains. After Smith's death, Lee went with Brigham Young and other Latter Day Saints to what is now Utah, and worked towards establishing several new communities there. Some of those communities included Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch, located near Page, Arizona. A successful and resourceful farmer and rancher, in 1856, Lee became a United States Indian Agent in the Iron County, Utah, area, where he was assigned to help Native Americans establish farms.[2][3] In 1858, Lee served a term as a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature, and following church orders in 1872, Lee moved from Iron County and established a heavily used ferry crossing on the Colorado River, where the site is still called Lee's Ferry. The nearby ranch was named the Lonely Dell Ranch and is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, together with the ferry site.
Mountain Meadows massacre
editMassacre
editIn September 1857, the Baker–Fancher party, an emigrant group from Arkansas, camped at Mountain Meadows, a staging area in southern Utah used to prepare for the long crossing of the Mojave Desert by groups travelling westward to California.[4] They were attacked by a combined group of Native Americans and Mormon militia men dressed as Native Americans. There were multiple motives for the conflict, including a general atmosphere of rising tensions between the US Federal government and Mormon settlers (see Utah War of 1857–1858) and a rumor that the Baker–Fancher party included those who had murdered Mormons at the 1838 event known as Haun's Mill massacre.[5]
On the third day of the siege, Lee (not dressed as a Native American) approached the Baker–Fancher encirclement under cover of a white flag and convinced the emigrants to surrender their weapons and property to the Mormons in return for safe conduct to nearby Cedar City. The emigrants accepted the offer and surrendered, however approximately 120 of the Baker–Fancher party were then killed by Mormon militia and Paiute Indians, leaving only about 17 small children as survivors.[6][7] William Ashworth notes in his autobiography that after the massacre, the "leaders among the white men had bound themselves under the most binding oaths to never reveal their part in it." Lee told Brigham Young that the Indians had been solely responsible, that "no white men were mixed up in it."[8] Lee later maintained that he had acted under orders from his militia leaders, under protest, and remained active in Mormonism and local government for several years afterwards.
Arrest and execution
edit
In 1874, Lee was arrested and tried for leading the massacre. The first trial ended inconclusively with a hung jury, seemingly because of the prosecution's attempt to portray Brigham Young as the true mastermind of the massacre. A second trial in 1876, in which the prosecution placed the blame squarely on Lee's shoulders, ended with his conviction and he was sentenced to death.[9] Lee never denied his own complicity, but claimed he had not personally killed anyone. He said he had been a vocally reluctant participant and later a scapegoat meant to draw attention away from other Mormon leaders who were also involved. Lee further maintained that Brigham Young had no knowledge of the event until after it happened. However, in the Life and Confessions of John D. Lee he (or an editor) wrote, "I have always believed, since that day, that General George A. Smith was then visiting southern Utah to prepare the people for the work of exterminating Captain Fancher's train of emigrants, and I now believe that he was sent for that purpose by the direct command of Brigham Young."[10]
On March 23, 1877, Lee was executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on the site of the 1857 massacre. His last words included a reference to Young: "I do not believe everything that is now being taught and practiced by Brigham Young. I do not care who hears it. It is my last word... I have been sacrificed in a cowardly, dastardly manner."[11] On April 20, 1961, the LDS Church posthumously reinstated Lee's membership in the church.[12]
Descendants
editLee had 19 wives and 56 children, and his descendants are now numerous. Former solicitor general Rex E. Lee is a direct descendant of John Lee, as are his sons Senator Mike Lee of Utah and Utah Supreme Court justice Thomas R. Lee.[13][14] Another descendant, Gordon H. Smith, was a U.S. senator from Oregon.[15]: 812 U.S. representatives Mo Udall (D–AZ) and Stewart Udall (D–AZ) and their respective sons, senators Mark Udall (D–CO) and Tom Udall (D–NM) are also descendants.[15]: 804, 806–807 Stewart Udall served as United States Secretary of the Interior under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. See also the Lee–Hamblin family for a list of more of his noteworthy descendants.
Film portrayals
editJohn Lee was portrayed by Jon Gries in the film September Dawn (2007).
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b Quinn, D. Michael (1980). "The Council of Fifty and Its Members, 1844 to 1945" (.pdf). BYU Studies. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University: 22–26. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ Haymond, Jay M. (1994), "Lee, John D.", Utah History Encyclopedia, University of Utah Press, ISBN 9780874804256, archived from the original on November 3, 2022, retrieved June 19, 2024,
In January 1856 Lee was appointed U.S. government Indian Agent in the Iron County environs. His job was to distribute tools, seed, and supplies, and to assist the Indians with farming methods.
- ^ "[Lee] became the local bishop and the Indian agent to the nearby Paiute Indians." PBS.org, John Doyle Lee (1812–1877)
- ^ Parker, B.G. (1901), Recollections of the Mountain Meadow Massacre, Plano, CA
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Digital reprint (pdf) Archived 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine by the Mountain Meadows Massacre organization - ^ Denton, Sally (2007). American Massacre: The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows, September 1857. Knopf Doubleday. p. 155. ISBN 9780307424723. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
Haight had used his pulpit to begin a defamation campaign against the Fancher Train. The slander was carefully crafted, well placed, oft-repeated, the claims exaggerated with each retelling. [...] Word spread from settlement to settlement. Some on the train, it was said, had participated in the Haun's Mill massacre...
- ^ Denton, Sally (2003), American Massacre, New York: Random House, p. xxi
- ^ Walker; Turley, Jr.; Leonard, Ronald W.; Richard E.; Glen M. (2008). Massacre at Mountain Meadows. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195160345.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ashworth 1934, p. 37
- ^ "The West – The Last Words of John D. Lee". PBS.
- ^ Lee 1877, p. 225
- ^ PBS.org, The Last Words of John D. Lee
- ^ Haymond, Jay M. (1994), "Lee, John D.", Utah History Encyclopedia, University of Utah Press, ISBN 9780874804256, archived from the original on November 3, 2022, retrieved June 19, 2024
- ^ Esplin, Ronald K.; Turley, Richard E. Jr. (1992), "Mountain Meadows Massacre", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 966–968, ISBN 0028796020, OCLC 24502140
- ^ "Mountain Meadows event remembered: Descendants join together in 'spirit of reconciliation'", Church News, September 22, 1990
- ^ a b Manderscheid, Lorraine (1996). Some Descendants of JOHN DOYLE LEE. Bellevue, Washington: Family Research and Development.
References
edit- Ashworth, William B. (1934), Autobiography of William B. Ashworth 1845–1934, Family History Collection, Brigham Young University, archived from the original on 2011-06-11.
- Brooks, Juanita (1992) [1961], John Doyle Lee: Zealot, Pioneer Builder, Scapegoat, Utah State University Press (paperback, 404pp), ISBN 087421162X.
- Cleland, Robert Glass; Brooks, Juanita, eds. (1955), A Mormon Chronicle: The Diaries of John D. Lee, 1848–1876, vol. 2 volumes, San Marino, California: Huntington Library. Reissued in single-volume paperback: Huntington Library, 2004: ISBN 0873281780
- Kelly, Charles, ed. Journals of John D. Lee, 1846–47 and 1859. Salt Lake City, Priv. print. for R. B. Watt by Western printing company, 1938. Republished: Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1984.
- Lee, John D. (1877), Bishop, W.W. (ed.), Mormonism Unveiled; Or The Life and Confessions of the Late Mormon Bishop, John D. Lee; (Written by Himself), St. Louis: Bryan, Brand & Company.
External links
edit
- John D. Lee Family Association Official Website: http://www.johndleefamily.org
- Online tree of Lee Descendants: http://www.wadhome.org/lee
- http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/lee.htm Excellent sketch of Lee's life
- Works by John Doyle Lee at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about John D. Lee at the Internet Archive
- John D. Lee at Find a Grave
- John Doyle Lee's diary from at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University