Clogging, buck dancing, or flatfoot dancing[1] is a type of folk dance practiced in the United States, in which the dancer's footwear is used percussively by striking the heel, the toe, or both against a floor or each other to create audible rhythms, usually to the downbeat with the heel keeping the rhythm. Clogging can be found at various Old-Time and Bluegrass Music festivals.
Clogging is the official state dance of Kentucky and North Carolina.
Antecedents
editIn the United States, team clogging originated from square dance teams in Asheville, North Carolina's Mountain Dance and Folk Festival (1928), organized by Bascom Lamar Lunsford in the Appalachian region.[2]
The Soco Gap Dancers performed at the White House in 1939, which caused an uptick in the popularity of team clogging.[3]
American Clogging is associated with the predecessor to bluegrass—"old-time" music, which is based on English, and Irish fiddle tunes as well as African American banjo tunes. Clogging primarily developed from Irish step dancing called Sean-nós dance;[4] there were also English, Scottish, German, and Cherokee step dances, as well as African rhythms and movement influences too. It was from clogging that tap dance eventually evolved. Now, many clogging teams compete against other teams for prizes such as money and trophies.[5]
Terminology
editThe term "buck", as in buck dancing, is traceable to the West Indies and is derived from a Tupi Indian word denoting a frame or hurdle for drying and smoking meat; the original po bockarau or buccaneers were sailors who ate smoked meat and fish after the manner of the Indians.[6] Another source states that the word bockorau can be traced to the "Angolan" word "buckra', and was used to refer to white people,[7] which is disputed.[8] Eventually the term came to describe Irish immigrant sailors whose jig dance was known as 'the buck'."[citation needed]
One source states that buck dancing was the earliest combination of the basic shuffle and tap steps performed to syncopated rhythms in which accents are placed not on the straight beat, as with the jigs, clogs, and other dances of European origin, but on the downbeat or offbeat, a style derived primarily from the rhythms of African tribal music.[9]
Yet another etymology of the word argues that it derives from the word "buck", used as a pejorative term for African American men in the 19th century.[10] Buck dancing was popularized in the United States by minstrel performers in the late 19th century. Many folk festivals and fairs utilize dancing clubs or teams to perform both Buck and regular clogging for entertainment.[11]
See also
edit- Buckdancer's Choice
- Clog dancing
- Ira Bernstein
- Limberjack
- Sean-nós dance including as practised in America
- Step dance
References
editNotes
- ^ "E-WV | Flatfoot Dancing".
- ^ Thompson, Jessica Lee (2006). "State Dance: Clogging and Shagging". Encyclopedia of North Carolina. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ Tabler, Dave (24 April 2018). "Appalachian clog dancing". Appalachian History. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ "Clogging History, Notation & Abbreviations". Doubletoe.com. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, Ian. "Competition Clogging: Preservation And Innovation in Mountain Folk Dance". Libres.uncg.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ Adelaide Bluegrass Cloggers 2010.
- ^ Hashaw 2007, p. 42.
- ^ Chuku 2012.
- ^ Ames & Siegelman 1977, p. 41.
- ^ Jamison (2009). "Buckdancing, Flatfooting, and Clogging". In Hinson, Glenn; Ferris, William (eds.). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife. UNC Press. pp. 265–267.
- ^ "Styles of Appalachian Clog Dance". socalfolkdance.org. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
Bibliography
- Ames, Jerry; Siegelman, Jim (1977), The Book of Tap, David McKay Company, ISBN 0-679-50615-2
- History of clogging, Adelaide Bluegrass Cloggers, archived from the original on 15 October 2009, retrieved 24 April 2010
- Cahill, Mike (14 June 2008), Clogs, archived from the original on 5 March 2016, retrieved 20 February 2016
- Chambers, Douglas B (1 March 2005), Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia, University Press of Mississippi, ISBN 978-1578067060
- Chuku, Gloria (17 August 2012), "Enslaved Igbo and the Foundation of Afro-Virginia Slave Culture and Society", ChickenBones, Nathaniel Turner, retrieved 20 February 2016 Review and criticism of Chambers (2005)
- "Clogging: How it's different from tap", Dance Spirit, Dance Media, 24 June 2009, retrieved 20 February 2016
- Hashaw, Tim (2007), Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the struggle of mixed America, Mercer University Press, ISBN 978-0-88146-013-1
- Spalding, Susan Eike; Woodside, Jane Harris, eds. (1995), Communities in Motion: dance, community, and tradition in America's Southeast and beyond, Westport, Connecticut, US: Greenwood Press
- Frank X. Bonner (1983) Clogging and the Southern Appalachian Square Dance, Creative Imprints of Marietta, Georgia, US
