Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (born March 29, 1941) is an American astrophysicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physics[1] for his discovery with Russell Alan Hulse of a "new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation."
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. | |
|---|---|
 Taylor in 2008 | |
| Born | March 29, 1941 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Haverford College Harvard University |
| Known for | Pulsars, WSJT-X |
| Awards | Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics (1980) Henry Draper Medal (1985) Magellanic Premium (1990) John J. Carty Award (1991) Wolf Prize in Physics (1992) Nobel Prize in Physics (1993) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | Princeton University University of Massachusetts Amherst Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory |
| Doctoral students | Victoria Kaspi, Ingrid Stairs |
Early life and education
editTaylor was born in Philadelphia to Joseph Hooton Taylor Sr. and Sylvia Evans Taylor, both of whom had Quaker roots for many generations, and grew up in Cinnaminson Township, New Jersey. He attended the Moorestown Friends School in Moorestown Township, New Jersey, where he excelled in math.[2]
He received a B.A. in physics at Haverford College in 1963, and a Ph.D. in astronomy at Harvard University in 1968. After a brief research position at Harvard, Taylor went to the University of Massachusetts Amherst, eventually becoming Professor of Astronomy and Associate Director of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory.
Taylor's thesis work was on lunar occultation measurements. About the time he completed his Ph.D., Jocelyn Bell (who is also a Quaker) discovered the first radio pulsars with a telescope near Cambridge, England.
Career
editTaylor immediately went to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's telescopes in Green Bank, West Virginia, and participated in the discovery of the first pulsars discovered outside Cambridge. Since then, he has worked on all aspects of pulsar astrophysics.
In 1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered the first pulsar in a binary system, named PSR B1913+16 after its position in the sky, during a survey for pulsars at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Although it was not understood at the time, this was also the first of what are now called recycled pulsars: Neutron stars that have been spun-up to fast spin rates by the transfer of mass onto their surfaces from a companion star.
The orbit of this binary system is slowly shrinking as it loses energy because of emission of gravitational radiation, causing its orbital period to speed up slightly. The rate of shrinkage can be precisely predicted from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, and over a thirty-year period Taylor and his colleagues have made measurements that match this prediction to much better than one percent accuracy. This was the first confirmation of the existence of gravitational radiation. There are now scores of binary pulsars known, and independent measurements have confirmed Taylor's results.
Taylor has used this first binary pulsar to make high-precision tests of general relativity. Working with his colleague Joel Weisberg, Taylor has used observations of this pulsar to demonstrate the existence of gravitational radiation in the amount and with the properties first predicted by Albert Einstein. He and Hulse shared the Nobel Prize for the discovery of this object. In 1980, he moved to Princeton University, where he was the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in Physics, having also served for six years as Dean of Faculty. He retired in 2006.
Amateur radio
editJoe Taylor first obtained his amateur radio license as a teenager, which led him to the field of radio astronomy. Taylor is well known in the field of amateur radio weak signal communication and has been assigned the call sign K1JT by the FCC. He had previously held the callsigns K2ITP, WA1LXQ, W1HFV, and VK2BJX (the latter in Australia).[3]
His amateur radio accomplishments have included mounting an 'expedition' in April 2010 to use the Arecibo Radio Telescope to conduct moonbounce with Amateurs around the world using voice, Morse code, and digital communications.[3]
He has been active in developing several computer programs and communications protocols, including WSPR and WSJT ("Weak Signal/Joe Taylor"), a software package and protocol suite that utilizes computer-generated messages in conjunction with radio transceivers to communicate over long distances with other amateur radio operators.
WSJT is useful for passing short messages via non-traditional radio communications methods, such as moonbounce and meteor scatter and other low signal-to-noise ratio paths. It is also useful for extremely long-distance contacts using very low power transmissions.
Honors and awards
edit- Heineman Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1980)(inaugural)
- Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1982)[4]
- Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1985)[5]
- Tomalla Foundation Prize (1987)
- Magellanic Premium (1990)
- Albert Einstein Medal (1991)
- John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science of the National Academy of Sciences (1991) (physics)[6]
- Wolf Prize in Physics (1992)
- Member of the American Philosophical Society (1992)[7]
- Nobel Prize in Physics (1993)
- Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1995)[8]
- Karl Schwarzschild Medal (1997)
- Asteroid 81859 Joetaylor, discovered by LINEAR in 2000, was named on the occasion of his retirement as a professor at Princeton University in 2006.[9] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 November 2006 (M.P.C. 57952).[10]
Taylor was among the first group of MacArthur Fellows. He has served on many boards, committees, and panels, co-chairing the Decadal Panel of that produced the report Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium that established the United States's national priorities in astronomy and astrophysics for the period 2000–2010. He was a guest of honor in the 2009 International Physics Olympiad.
See also
edit- Harold E. Taylor, brother – physicist
References
edit- ^ "Joseph H. Taylor Jr". NobelPrize.org. biographical.
- ^
Seife, Charles (11 October 1995). "Spin doctor: Nobel physicist Joseph Taylor takes the 'pulse' of dying stars". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
Born in Philadelphia in 1941, he grew up on a peach farm in Cinnaminson, New Jersey, that has been in his family for more than two centuries – "a plot of green," he recalls, in the industrial belt along the Delaware River north of Camden. ... As a high school student at Moorestown (N.J.) Friends, Taylor excelled in mathematics, a subject he pursued at Haverford College before switching to physics.
- ^ a b Taylor, J.H.; et al. (22 November 2010). "Moonbounce at Arecibo" (PDF). Department of Physics. Princeton University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- ^ "Chapter T" (PDF). Book of Members, 1780–2010. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ "Henry Draper Medal". U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. 1995.
- ^ "(81859) Joetaylor". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
External links
edit- "Joseph Taylor". Department of Physics. Research. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University.
- "Nobel Physics laureates". nobel.se. 1993.
- Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1993 Binary Pulsars and Relativistic Gravity
