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Josephine Tilden

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Josephine Elizabeth Tilden (March 24, 1869 – May 15, 1957) was an American expert on pacific algae. She was the first woman scientist employed by the University of Minnesota. Tilden established a research station in British Columbia which lasted only until 1906. When Tilden became an assistant Professor in 1903, she was the first female scientist employed by the University of Minnesota.[1] In 1910, despite not having a doctorate, Tilden was promoted to full professor.

Josephine Tilden
Tilden as part of a survey team
Born
Josephine Elizabeth Tilden

March 24, 1869
Davenport, Iowa, US
DiedMay 15, 1957(1957-05-15) (aged 88)
Florida, US
NationalityAmerican
EducationUniversity of Minnesota
Occupation(s)Researcher and academic
EmployerUniversity of Minnesota
Known forAlgology and travel

Tilden traveled widely and particularly around the Pacific Ocean to collect unusual samples of flora. Tilden also created an important collection of algae which she took from the university and kept in her house for further study after she retired.

Life

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Conway MacMillan sitting by Josephine Tilden with colleagues on the Gull Lake Expedition in 1893
 
Josephine Tilden's 1897 diagram of Algal Stalactites

Tilden was born in Davenport, Iowa, and grew up in Minneapolis.[1] She showed an early interest in plants and she had published a paper on the local botany[2] before she began her association with the University of Minnesota. In 1895, she earned a bachelor's degree followed by a masters the following year from the university.[3] In 1897 she wrote a paper on algal stalactites, a phenomenon that she had discovered near a geyser in Yellowstone Park.[4]

 
The Seaside Station[5]

She became an instructor at her alma mater, where she took a peculiar interest in algology, becoming the first woman scientist on the staff.[1] Her superiors at the university were concerned, but they agreed to fund this interest in return for her promise to commit to the subject for at least five years. In fact, Tilden gave a commitment that would last until she died. Her first trip to the Pacific was a journey to Vancouver Island. On many of these journeys she was accompanied by her mother.[1]

Tilden was the leading force of the establishment of the Minnesota Seaside Station in Canada.[6] In 1900, traveling by canoe, she discovered a largely uninhabited stretch of coastline in British Columbia with an abundance of algae and tidal pools. The land owner gave her the area for free, and she chose four acres that were ideal to create an algae research station.[7] The area was known as Botanical Beach in what is now Juan de Fuca Provincial Park in British Columbia. Tilden used her own funds to build the research station.[8] In 1902 Conway MacMillan published a long description of the new station claiming a benefit of its location was students had to take an important journey across North America to get there.[5]

Up to 30 professors and students journeyed to the station by train every summer to study geology, algology, zoology, taxonomy, and lichenology, with world-renowned scientists participating in the lecture series. Though students worked long hours, they also worked hard at enjoying themselves with hiking trips, evening plays and storytelling—transforming the group of scholars into close-knit colleagues. Letters from student Alice Misz to her mother during the summer of 1906 make it clear that her six-week stay at the station was the most unforgettable experience of her life.

After purchase, Tilden in turn offered this land and the buildings that were on it to the University of Minnesota. Despite the entreaties of Professor Conway MacMillan and Tilden, the university refused to take responsibility for land in a different country. MacMillan resigned over this issue.[1] Although the station was shut down in 1907, Tilden's enthusiasm was not dampened, and she went on to lead research expeditions to the South Pacific, and continued collecting and writing long after her retirement. The Minnesota Seaside Station was replaced by the more local Lake Itasca Forestry and Biological Station in northern Minnesota in 1909.[8] The following year, and despite not having a doctorate, Tilden was made a full professor of the University of Minnesota.

She also published the Algae of Minnesota in 1910 which covered "The Myxophyceae of North America and adjacent regions including Central America, Greenland, Bermuda, the West Indies and Hawaii".[9] An academic review of her book by George Francis Atkinson noted that the work was gathered together in one place, but it welcomed a second volume that might make a "thorough and critical study of this material, comparing it with type material" then it will be a "valuable contribution to American Algology".[10]

Tilden traveled widely especially around the Pacific Ocean to gather dried plants. During 1909 and 1910 Tilden undertook a trip to the South Pacific accompanied by a fellow Professor of Botany Ethel Winifred B. Chase and a botanist friend of Ethel's, Bernice Leland.[11] The women amassed a scientifically significant collection of botanical specimens during their trip.[11] Later Tilden went on to organize a trip around the world for ten students whose sole purpose was to gather algae and other samples.[3] Tilden charged the students to accompany her and even obtained loans and grants to fund the travel. The trip caused Tilden to gain a reputation for a lack of integrity. She never obtained formal permission for the trip and although she directed unbudgeted items to the university, one of the loans she undertook was never repaid.[1] It is said that on her return she was asked "to retire".[2]

Tilden issued two exsiccata works: American Algae (1894-1909)[12] and South Pacific Algae (1911).[13]

She retired in 1937[1] having gathered an important collection of algae. The Chair of the department, Professor Rosenthal, who had a vendetta running with Tilden, made sure that she could not borrow any samples from the university's herbarium. But Tilden outwitted him. She appealed to the university's board who granted her request that she should be allowed to take her collection with her. The collection was installed on one floor of her new home in Florida and she used this to publish further research.[1]

In 1935, she published The Algae and Their Life Relations, which was the first scientific work by an American scientist to describe the characteristics of marine and freshwater flora.[14]

The standard author abbreviation Tilden is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[15]

Tilden died in Florida in 1957.[3] After her death, the University of Minnesota's Botany Department acquired many of the algae specimens she had been keeping in her Florida home by collaborating with Joseph Wachter, whom she had given the rights to in her will.[16] A complete set of South Pacific Plants exsiccatae collected by Tilden and 10 University of Minnesota students is held at the University of Melbourne Herbarium.[17] Further specimens are held in Australasian herbaria including the National Herbarium of Victoria at the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, the Australian National Herbarium and the Auckland War Memorial Museum Herbarium.[18]

Selected publications

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Selected books and articles include:

Legacy

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Tildenia is a genus of moths in the family Gelechiidae that was named by C.C. Kossinskaja in 1926 to honor Tilden.[19] Her collection of plants was left to a friend but he offered it to Minnesota University. There is a small museum about her. One of her biographers summarized his account with the title "Algae of Acrimony".[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brady, Tim (January 2008). "The Algae of Acrimony". Minnesota. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  2. ^ a b Tilden, Josephine Elizabeth (1869–1957), Her Herbarium, Global PLants. Retrieved 20 August 2015
  3. ^ a b c Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie; Joy Dorothy Harvey (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1289–1290. ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.
  4. ^ On Some Algal Stalactites in Yellowstone Park, Josephine Tilden, Botanical Gazette, Vol. 24, No. 3, (Sep., 1897), pp. 194–199. Retrieved 20 August 2015
  5. ^ a b Minnesota Seaside Station by Conway MacMillan, Popular Science Monthly, 1902. Retrieved 17 August 2015
  6. ^ Horsfield, Margaret (13 June 2016). "The Enduring Legacy of Josephine Tilden". Hakai Magazine.
  7. ^ "Josephine Tilden | College of Biological Sciences". cbs.umn.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
  8. ^ a b Josephine Tilden, Biology dept, University of Minnesota. Retrieved 19 August 2015
  9. ^ Josephine Tilden, OnLineBooks. Retrieved 19 August 2015
  10. ^ Atkinson, George Francis (1910). "Minnesota Algae by Josephine Tilden...Review". Science. 36: 82. JSTOR 1636659.
  11. ^ a b Jones, Kenneth Lester (1966-10-01). "Winifred Chase, Intrepid Spirit". Michigan Botanist. 5 (4): 183–191 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  12. ^ "American Algae: IndExs ExsiccataID=1621939327". IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  13. ^ "South Pacific Algae: IndExs ExsiccataID=1705589631". IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  14. ^ Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900: Essays A-H. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 918. ISBN 9781598841589.
  15. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Tilden.
  16. ^ "Collection: Department of Botany records | University of Minnesota Archival Collections Guides". archives.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
  17. ^ Tilden's South Pacific Plants Collection. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  18. ^ Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  19. ^ Josephine Tilden, Biodiversity.org. Retrieved 20 August 2015
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