Nazi board games were an element of Adolf Hitler’s propaganda campaign within Nazi Germany. Hitler’s Propaganda Minister, Joseph Goebbels, understood that "To be perceived, propaganda must evoke the interest of an audience and must be transmitted through an attention-getting communications medium".[1] Board games and toys for children served as a way to spread racial, military, and political propaganda to German youth.[2]
Examples
editJuden Raus! (1936)
editJuden Raus! (lit. "Jews Out!") is a cross and circle-style game published in Germany by Günther & Co. in 1936.[3][4] The game was advertised as "entertaining, instructive and solidly constructed".[5] The game's equipment includes a pair of dice, a game board, and several game piece figurines with large pointed hats meant to represent Jews.[6]
Players take turns rolling the dice and moving their "Jews" across the map toward "collection points" outside the city walls for deportation to Mandatory Palestine.[7] Written on the game board, it says "If you manage to send off six Jews, you’ve won a clear victory!"[6]
Juden Raus is a commercial boardgame rather than a Nazi propaganda effort,[8] and contains no Nazi symbolism.[9] The game was criticised by the SS journal Das Schwarze Korps, which believed the game trivialised antisemitic policies.[9] Ben Barkow of the Holocaust museum at the Wiener Library recounts it being documented as a "considerable commercial success", with possibly a million copies of it being sold.[8][9] However, an article in the Board Game Studies Journal suggests that the game's commercial performance may never actually be known because it may have been exaggerated in advertising material. The article considers it unlikely that the game could have been successful in Germany after having been condemned by the SS.[9]
The article published by the International Board Game Studies Association calls it "history's most infamous board game". The review says, "Juden Raus! shows that after decades of propaganda, antisemitism was so deeply rooted in German society in the 1930s, that someone thought it would be a good subject for a children’s game. Racism is present in many board games, but Juden Raus! is unique in its portrayal of how racism manifests itself in society and is a terrifying example of the banality of evil. ... There are many areas of the world where such a game might still find a receptive audience. ... Juden Raus! is a warning to us all".[9]
Bomber über England (1940)
editBomber über England (lit. "Bombers over England") is a bagatelle (or pinball) style game featuring a map of England and part of Northern Europe. The map contains holes in the location of key cities such as London, Liverpool, Newcastle and Plymouth as well as various points representing targets in the North Sea.[10]
Players shoot spring-driven balls representing "bombs" at these targets and are awarded various points for hitting the enemy targets. If players bomb locations under the control of Nazi Germany such as Brussels and Amsterdam, they lose points.
Jagd auf Kohlenklau (1944)
editJagd auf Kohlenklau (lit. "Hunting for the Coal Thief") is a roll-and-move board game which was produced by Lepthian-Schiffers in Nazi Germany during the latter years of World War II.[11] The game was part of a Nazi propaganda campaign that was launched on June 23, 1942, under the slogan "Kampf dem Kohlenklau" or "fight the coal thief".[12][better source needed] This campaign sought to promote energy conservation as a means to save the country's dwindling resources for the war effort. The visual representation of the Kohlenklau, or "coal thief," became an iconic image of Nazi Germany and was often featured in newspapers, magazines, posters, and films.[13][14] Four million copies of Jagd auf Kohlenklau were produced and distributed among the households with the most children.[15]
The game board consists of 50 spaces, red, black and white. The players roll a die and advance their game piece that many spaces. When the player lands on a space, they read aloud a corresponding text passage from the board. Red spaces represent energy wasting actions that penalise players, e.g. "...leaves the radio on when nobody is listening. The coal thief likes that! (miss a turn)". Black spaces feature actions that conserve energy and reward the players. White spaces are neutral and have no effect. Players take turns until one finally reaches the end and is declared the winner. The winner discovers who the "coal thief" was and successfully evicts them from the house.[15]
References
edit- ^ Doob, Leonard W. (Autumn 1950). "Goebbels' Principles of Propaganda". The Public Opinion Quarterly. 14 (3). American Association for Public Opinion Research: 419–442. doi:10.1086/266211. JSTOR 2745999. S2CID 145615085.
- ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Indoctrinating Youth". Retrieved November 7, 2016.
- ^ "Jews Out Board Game". History in an Hour. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ Heberer, Patricia (31 May 2011). Children during the Holocaust (Illustrated ed.). Rowman Altamira. pp. 262–263. ISBN 9780759119864. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ "Games". Time. 1939-01-30. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ a b Bruchfeld, Stephane; Paul A. Levine (1998). "Tell ye your children . . . A book about the Holocaust in Europe 1933–1945" (PDF). Regeringskansleit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
- ^ Allers, Jeff (2008-12-09). "Postcards From Berlin #34: Gaming and the Third Reich". Boardgame News. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ a b "Nazi Board Game 'Out With The Jews!'". Public Radio International. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Morris-Friedman, Andrew; Schädler, Ulrich (2003). ""Juden Raus!" (Jews Out!) – History's most infamous board game" (PDF). Board Games Studies Journal (6). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
- ^ "Nazi board games under the hammer". BBC News. 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ "Jagd auf Kohlenklau (Hunt the Coal Thief)". The British Museum. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
- ^ Kohlenklau (GERMAN)
- ^ Klemperer, Victor; Martin Brady (2006). The language of the Third Reich: LTI, Lingua Tertii Imperii : a philologist's notebook. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 81. ISBN 0-8264-9130-8.
- ^ "Der Kohlenklau". Bund der Energieverbraucher (in German). Retrieved 2011-12-07.
- ^ a b "Jagd auf Kohlenklau". Bund der Energieverbraucher (in German). Retrieved 2009-05-07.
External links
edit- Yad Vashem International Holocaust Memorial has photos of the "Juden Raus" game.