Emperor Juntoku (順徳天皇, Juntoku-tennō) (October 22, 1197 – October 7, 1242) was the 84th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1210 through 1221.[1]
| Emperor Juntoku 順徳天皇 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Juntoku, Tenshi Sekkan Miei (15th century) | |||||
| Emperor of Japan | |||||
| Reign | December 12, 1210 – May 13, 1221 | ||||
| Enthronement | January 14, 1211 | ||||
| Predecessor | Tsuchimikado | ||||
| Successor | Chūkyō | ||||
| Shōgun | Minamoto no Sanetomo | ||||
| Born | October 22, 1197 | ||||
| Died | October 7, 1242 (aged 44) Sado Island, Kamakura shogunate | ||||
| Burial | Ōhara no Misasagi (大原陵) (Kyoto) | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue more... | Emperor Chūkyō | ||||
| |||||
| House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
| Father | Emperor Go-Toba | ||||
| Mother | Fujiwara no Shigeko | ||||
Genealogy
editBefore his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[2] was Morinari-shinnō (守成親王).[3]
He was the third son of Emperor Go-Toba. His mother was Shigeko (重子), the daughter of Fujiwara Hanki (藤原範季)
- Empress (chūgū): Kujō Fujiwara no Ritsushi (?) (九条（藤原）立子) later Higashiichijō-in (東一条院), Kujo Yoshitsune's daughter
- Second daughter: Imperial Princess Taiko (諦子内親王; 1217–1243) later Gekgimon'in (明義門院)
- Third son: Imperial Prince Kanenari (懐成親王) later Emperor Chūkyō
- Lady-in-waiting: Toku-Naishi (督典侍), Fujiwara Norimitsu's Daughter
- Fourth son: Prince Hikonari (彦成王; 1219–1286)
- Sixth son: Imperial Prince Yoshimune (善統親王; 1233–1317)
- Consort: Fujiwara Noriko (藤原位子), Bomon Nobukiyo's daughter
- First Daughter: Imperial Princess Jōko (穠子内親王; 1216-1279）later Eianmon'in（永安門院)
- Consort: Fujiwara Kiyotaka's Daughter
- First Son: Imperial Prince Priest Sonkaku (尊覚法親王; 1215–1264)
- Second Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kaku'e (覚恵法親王; b.1217)
- Fifth son: Prince Iwakura no Miya Tadanari (岩倉宮忠成王; 1222–1279)
- Consort: Saishō-no-Tsubone (宰相局), Priest's daughter
- Son: Kangan Giin
- Mother unknown:
- Daughter: Princess Yoshiko (慶子女王; 1225-1286）
- Daughter: Princess Tadako (忠子女王; 1232-1249）
- Son: Prince Chitose (千歳宮; 1237-1254）
Events of Juntoku's life
editMorinari-shinnō became Crown Prince in 1200. He was elevated to the throne after Emperor Go-Toba pressured Emperor Tsuchimikado into abdicating.
- 1210 (Jōgen 1, 25th day of the 11th month): In the 12th year of Tsuchimikado-tennō's reign (土御門天皇十二年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his younger brother, the second son of the former-Emperor Go-Toba. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Juntoku is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[4]
In actuality, Emperor Go-Toba wielded effective power as a cloistered emperor during the years of Juntoku's reign.
In 1221, he was forced to abdicate because of his participation in Go-Toba's unsuccessful attempt to displace the Kamakura bakufu with re-asserted Imperial power. This political and military struggle was called the Jōkyū War or the Jōkyū Incident (Jōkyū-no ran).
After the Jōkyū-no ran, Juntoku was sent into exile on Sado Island (佐渡島 or 佐渡ヶ島, both Sadogashima), where he remained until his death in 1242.[5]
This emperor is known posthumously as Sado-no In (佐渡院) because his last years were spent at Sado. He was buried in a mausoleum, the Mano Goryo, on Sado's west coast.[5] Juntoku's official Imperial tomb (misasagi) is in Kyoto.
Juntoku was tutored in poetry by Fujiwara no Sadaie, who was also known as Teika. One of the emperor's poems was selected for inclusion in what became a well-known anthology, the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu. This literary legacy in Teika's collection of poems has accorded Juntoku a continuing popular prominence beyond the scope of his other lifetime achievements. The poets and poems of the Hyakunin isshu form the basis for a card game (uta karuta) which is still widely played today.[6]
Kugyō
editKugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During juntoku's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
Eras of Juntoku's reign
edit
The years of Juntoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[8]
Ancestry
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See also
editNotes
edit
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 230–238; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 341–343; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 221–223.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264; n.b., up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 230; Brown, p. 341; Varley, p. 221.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 230; Brown, p. 341; Varley, p. 44; n.b., a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
- ^ a b Bornoff, Nicholas. (2005). National Geographic Traveler Japan, p. 193.
- ^ Mostow, Joshua, ed. (1996). Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image, p. 437.
- ^ Brown, p. 341.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 230; Brown, p. 341.
- ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
References
edit- Bornoff, Nicholas. (2005). National Geographic Traveler Japan. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien, c. 1220], Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
- Mostow, Joshua S., ed. (1996). Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1705-2
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
- Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4